Non-metallic magnetic resonance contrast agent

ABSTRACT

The present application provides a compound comprising at least one isotopically labeled nitrogen atom for use in diagnosing a condition or disease in a subject, compositions and kits comprising the compound and methods of using the same.

TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to contrast agents and diagnostic methodsfor using such agents.

BACKGROUND

Non-invasive diagnosis is highly important and currently involvesimaging modalities that rely on nuclear imaging techniques, with thelarge radiation dose, or perfusion images by magnetic resonancetechniques with no radiation, but with administration of lanthanidemetal chelates with their potential toxicity [1].

Hyperpolarization techniques such as parahydrogen-induced polarization(PHIP) [2] and dissolution DNP (dDNP) [3] enhance the liquid statenuclear magnetization of small molecules [3]. The enhanced magnetizationgenerated by these methods, however, is not stable and from the momentthe polarization transfer process is stopped it will decay back tothermal equilibrium at a rate determined by the longitudinal relaxationtime (T₁) of the hyperpolarized site. Methods for increasing the T₁swere previously reported using ¹³C nucleus [4]. Hyperpolarization of ¹⁵Nlabeled compounds has been previously reported [5, 6]

BACKGROUND ART

-   [1] J. Ramalho, R. C. Semelka, M. Ramalho, R. H. Nunes, M.    AlObaidy, M. Castillo Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2016, 37, 1192.-   [2] S. B. Duckett, R. E. Mewis in Improving NMR and MRI Sensitivity    with Parahydrogen, Vol. (Ed. L. T. Kuhn), Springer Berlin    Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013, pp. 75-103.-   [3] J. H. Ardenkjaer-Larsen, B. Fridlund, A. Gram, G. Hansson, L.    Hansson, M. H. Lerche, R. Servin, M. Thaning, K. Golman Proc. Natl.    Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100, 10158-10163.-   [4] K. Golman, J. H. Ardenkjaer-Larsen, J. S. Petersson, S.    Mansson, I. Leunbach Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100,    10435-10439.-   [5] Nonaka, H. et al. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2411.-   [6] Nonaka, H. et al. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 40104.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides in accordance with some aspects, alabeled compound comprising at least one isotopically labeled nitrogenatom for use in diagnosing a condition or disease in a subject. In someembodiments, the labeled compound is at least one of an amide, an imide,a nitrogen-containing ion or an amino acid. In some other embodiments,the labeled compound is in a hyperpolarized state.

The present disclosure provides in accordance with some other aspects, acomposition comprising a labeled compound comprising at least oneisotopically labeled nitrogen atom for use in diagnosing a condition ordisease in a subject.

The present disclosure provides in accordance with some further aspects,a kit comprising a labeled compound comprising at least one isotopicallylabeled nitrogen atom and instructions to use the kit in diagnosing acondition or disease in a subject.

The present disclosure provides in accordance with some further aspects,a method of diagnosis a condition or disease in a subject. The methodcomprises the steps of administrating to the subject an effective amountof at least one hyperpolarized labeled compound comprising at least oneisotopically labeled nitrogen atom and monitoring the hyperpolarizedcompound in the subject to thereby diagnose the condition or disease inthe subject.

The present disclosure provides in accordance with some other aspects, amethod of imaging of a subject, the method comprises monitoring a signalfrom a subject, the subject having been administered with at least onehyperpolarized labeled compound comprising at least one isotopicallylabeled nitrogen atom.

The present disclosure provides in accordance with some other aspects, amethod for imaging at least one body region of a subject, the methodcomprising administering to the subject an effective amount of at leastone hyperpolarized labeled compound comprising at least one isotopicallylabeled nitrogen atom, and monitoring by imaging the at least one bodyregion.

In some embodiments, monitoring is by Magnetic Resonance (MR) techniquessuch as Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and/or Magnetic ResonanceImaging (MRI).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed outand distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification.The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation,together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best beunderstood by reference to the following detailed description when readwith the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 ¹⁵N T₁s of selected molecules in water (H₂O) and D₂O measured at5.8 T; (a) denotes Na¹⁵NO₃; (b) denotes solid-state polarization in D₂Oand dissolution in D₂O.; (c) denotes solid-state polarization in D₂O anddissolution in H₂O.; In this case, during the decay in solution thenitrogen positions are fully protonated as confirmed by the respectivesplit pattern of the signal (not shown); a, b, and c—determinedexperimentally; (d) denotes estimation.

FIG. 2. Decay curves of ¹⁵N signals, the ¹⁵N signal was measured for 1.5min in D₂O (from the dDNP device to the subject) and then continuationof the decay in H₂O.

FIGS. 3A-3D Observation of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate and the effectsof solvent protonation and salinity on its T₁,

FIG. 3A Stacked ¹⁵N spectra of hyperpolarized sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate inD₂O; the spectra were recorded with a flip angle of 100 and a repetitiontime of 8 s, with a time frame of 20-620 s from the onset of thedissolution process is shown,

FIG. 3B shows T values of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate in solution, atconcentrations of 19-29 mM sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate, *denotes one sample wasdissolved in of 4 mL saline solution and another sample was dissolved in4 mL of saline which were then mixed with 1 mL human saliva,

FIG. 3C shows a hyperpolarized signal (HP) of ¹⁵N-nitrate;

FIG. 3D shows a signal of the same sample at thermal equilibrium (TE),All of the spectra were processed with a line broadening of 10 Hz.

FIGS. 4A-4G Hyperpolarized spectra of [¹⁵N]nitrate and [¹⁵N]nitrite,

FIG. 4A ¹⁵N spectra of co-polarized sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate and sodium[¹⁵N]nitrite in D₂O (29 mM and 47 mM, respectively), at 37-42° C., thesignals of [¹⁵N]nitrate and [¹⁵N]nitrite appear at −6.8 and 226.2 ppm,respectively,

FIG. 4B A summation of the spectra shown in FIG. 4A,

FIG. 4C a summation of the spectra recorded from a hyperpolarized sampleof sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate in D₂O (28 mM), at 37-44° C., (a total of 60spectra with repetition time of 8 s, recorded with a flip angle of 10°),

FIG. 4D a summation of the spectra recorded from a hyperpolarized sampleof sodium [¹⁵N]nitrite in D₂O (37 mM), at 38-41° C.,

FIG. 4E a summation of the spectra recorded from a hyperpolarized sampleof sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate (25 mM) in a blood and saline mixture, at 32-36°C., (a total of 48 spectra with repetition time of 5 s, recorded with aflip angle of 10°),

FIG. 4F a summation of the spectra recorded from a hyperpolarized sampleof sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate (18 mM) in a saliva and saline mixture, at 37-42°C., (a total of 82 spectra with repetition time of 5 s, recorded with aflip angle of 10°),

FIG. 4G a summation of thermal equilibrium spectra of sodium[¹⁵N]nitrate (18 mM) in a saliva and saline mixture (same sample as inFIG. 4F), HP-hyperpolarized; TE-thermal equilibrium.

FIGS. 5A-5C ¹⁵N-NMR long term monitoring of [¹⁵N]nitrate metabolism insaline and in saline-saliva solution,

FIG. 5A a solution containing sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate (22 mM) and glucose(2.7 mM) in saline, scanned for 5 days,

FIG. 5B a solution containing 3 mL of the solution in FIG. 5A combinedwith 0.75 mL of human saliva, scanned for 5 days, the ratio of the[¹⁵N]nitrite to [¹⁵N]nitrate integrals is about 3:10,

FIG. 5C the same solution as in FIG. 5A, scanned for 5 days, the scanstarted after 14 days at room temperature.

FIG. 6 The dependence of the ¹⁵N T₁ of sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate ontemperature, solutions of sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate at 11 29 mM in D₂O wereused, the temperature was monitored online with an MRI compatibletemperature sensor, for each point—the X-axis error bar represents thetemperature range in which the T₁ was determined, and the Y-axis errorbar represents the 95% confidence interval for the individual fit (seeMethods), the data points shown here in the range of 34-50° C. are alsosummarized in FIG. 3B.

FIGS. 7A-7C Multiple hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate injections to bloodfrom a single hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate dose,

FIG. 7A ¹⁵N spectra of the consecutively injected hyperpolarized[¹⁵N]nitrate in whole blood, spectra were acquired with a repetitiontime of 5 s and a flip angle of 10°, the red marks on the time axis showthe injection times (0, 180, 360, 435 and 550 s).

FIG. 7B shows an online temperature recording of the sample in thespectrometer,

FIG. 7C shows the signal intensities of the hyperpolarized site in theconsecutive injections, * indicates that the intensities are shownnormalized to the highest signal for each injection.

FIGS. 8A-8H ¹⁵N NMR spectra showing the hyperpolarized signal of ¹⁵Nsites upon dissolution in H₂O (lower traces) and D₂O (upper traces),

FIGS. 8A and 8B are ¹⁵N spectra of [¹⁵N₂]urea dissolved in D₂O and H₂O,respectively,

FIGS. 8C and 8D are ¹⁵N spectra of [¹⁵N]ammonium dissolved in D₂O andH₂O, respectively,

FIGS. 8E and 8F are ¹⁵N spectra of [¹⁵N]succinimide dissolved in D₂O andH₂O, respectively,

FIGS. 8G and 8H are ¹⁵N spectra of [¹⁵N][guanido-¹⁵N₂]arginine dissolvedin D₂O and H₂O, respectively, all spectra were acquired with a 10°excitation angle without ¹H or ²H decoupling at 35-40° C. in a 5.8 Tmagnet.

FIGS. 9A-9B hyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea signal,

FIG. 9A decay of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea signal when dissolved in D₂O(Δ), H₂O (⋄), or a small volume dissolved in D₂O added to whole blood(•), all at 37° C., The integrals are corrected for the effect ofrepeated excitations to allow a straightforward comparison of thedifferent signals acquired with different acquisition parameters,

FIG. 9B shows repeated injections of hyperpolarized urea to blood.

FIGS. 10A-10B hyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea signal,

FIG. 10A a typical experiment showing simultaneous monitoring of thetemperature (upper panel) and the ¹⁵N signal integral (lower panel) of ahyperpolarized ¹⁵N₂ urea solution in D₂O, ¹⁵N signal integrals werebinned by 10° C. segments (indicated by alternating shading) and the T₁of each segment was determined (inset),

FIG. 10B shows T₁ of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea dissolved in D₂O atdifferent temperatures, the superscripts indicate how many measurementswere used for each temperature range. a: n=3, b: n=4, c: n=5, the datawere analyzed with a two-tailed t-test and significant differences aremarked as follows: **=p<0.005, *=p<0.05.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Diagnosis of a disease is highly important as it may assist inidentifying the disease and it's progression as well as treatmentregimen and follow-ups means. Imaging techniques such as positronemission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT) and magneticresonance imaging (MRI), are often used for diagnosis of a variety ofdisease/condition. While PET and CT involve X-rays or the use ofionizing radiation, MRI is a safe non-invasive imaging method. MRIdiagnosis is based on metal chelates, such as gadolinium (Gd) chelatesas a contrast agent, which safety has been recently questioned.

Thus, there is a need to develop non-toxic agents that can be safelyadministered and used in diagnosis using non-invasive magnetic resonance(MR) methods such as Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and/or MRI.

The present disclosure is based on the development of compounds, labeledwith a stable, non-radioactive, nitrogen isotope, ¹⁵N (denoted herein as“labeled compound”), that are in hyperpolarized state. These compoundsare, on one hand, metal free, safe to use and have no ionization energyand on the other hand, experience an increased detection signal andhence can provide an increased diagnostic accuracy.

Based on these unique features, the inventors suggested that the labeledhyperpolarized compounds may be promising safe candidates for diagnosispurposes of various diseases and conditions.

As shown in the Examples below, the compounds developed herein arecharacterized by long MR relaxation times and are suitable in diagnosisof malignancies, for example, in breast cancer.

Thus, the present disclosure refers to compounds labeled with one ormore N-15 atom being in hyperpolarized state, to compositions and kitscomprising the compounds and to methods of using such compounds,composition or kits for imaging and diagnostic purposes, optionally byusing MR methods.

Unless otherwise stated, the term labeled compound, refers to a compoundlabeled with one or more (at least one) N-15 atom. The presentdisclosure also encompasses these labeled compounds, which areoptionally, labeled with one or more additional atom, such as hydrogenatom.

In accordance with the first aspect, the preset disclosure provides alabeled compound comprising one or more isotopically labeled nitrogenatom for use in diagnosing a condition or disease in a subject.

The term “isotopically labeled atom” is meant to encompass an atom in acompound of the invention for which at least one of its nuclei has anatomic mass which is different than the atomic mass of the prevalentnaturally abundant isotope of the same atom. Due to different number ofneutrons in the nuclei, the atomic mass of a isotopically labeled atomsis different. The total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleusrepresents its isotopic number.

The labeled compound as used herein may be also denoted as an¹⁵N-containing compound.

When referring to isotopically labeling of a nitrogen atom (herein“isotopically labeled nitrogen” or “labeled nitrogen”), it should beunderstood to relate to a ¹⁵N isotope of nitrogen. Natural nitrogen hastwo stable (non-radioactive) isotopes, nitrogen-14 (N-14), whichrepresents the majority of naturally occurring nitrogen, and nitrogen-15(N-15 or ¹⁵N), which is less common. Each of N-14 or N-15 has 7 protons,N-14 has 7 neutrons and N-15 has 8 neutrons.

In some embodiments an isotopically labeled atom is ¹⁵N (having 8neutrons and 7 protons in nitrogen nucleus). As will be appreciated bythe description below, the isotopic labeling of specific atoms in acompound of the invention is achieved by techniques known to a personskilled in the art of the invention, such as for example synthesizingcompounds of the invention from isotopically labeled reactants orisotopically enriching specific nuclei of a compound.

¹⁵N is characterized by having a fractional nuclear spin of one-half.Two sources of nitrogen-15 are the positron emission of oxygen-15 andthe beta decay of carbon-15. When the compound includes an ¹⁵N atom, itreplaces one or more of the N-14 atoms present in the compound.

When referring to a compound comprising at least one isotopicallylabeled atom, it should be understood to encompass compound havingisotopically labeled atoms above the natural abundance of the at leastone isotopically labeled atom. In some other embodiments, for compoundshaving ¹⁵N isotopically labeled atom, the isotopically enrichment of thenitrogen in a specific position in a compound of the invention, may beis between about 0.37% to about 99.9%. Thus, a compound or a compositionas described herein may have different degrees of enrichment ofisotopically labeled atoms.

It should be noted that in the context of the present disclosure, theterm isotope labeling (or isotopically labeling of an atom) does notrefer to a radioactive labeling. In other words, radioactive labeling ofatoms in the compounds described herein is excluded from the presentdisclosure.

The present disclosure thus encompasses compounds that comprise at leastone labeled nitrogen atom. It should be noted that the terminologyreferring to “at least one labeled nitrogen atom” or “one or morelabeled nitrogen atom” is to be understood as a compound having one ormore of it's nitrogen atoms labeled.

In some embodiments, the compound comprises at least one labelednitrogen atom, at times at least two labeled nitrogen atom, at timeseven at least three labeled nitrogen atom. In some embodiments, thecompound comprises one, two, three, four or more ¹N atoms.

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises at least one of anamine, an amide, an imide, a nitrogen-containing ion or an amino acid.

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises an amine. An aminegroup can be classified according to the nature and number ofsubstituents on nitrogen atom. Aliphatic amines contain only hydrogen(H) and alkyl substituents. Aromatic amines have the nitrogen atomconnected to an aromatic ring. A Primary (1) amines comprises twohydrogen atoms and one organic substituent (an alkyl or aromaticgroup)bound to the nitrogen atom, secondary (2) amines have two organicsubstituents (alkyl, aryl or both) bound to the nitrogen together withone hydrogen, tertiary (3) amines has the nitrogen atom bound to threeorganic substituents. Quaternary ammonium salts exist with many kinds ofanions.

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises at least one of aprimary amine, a secondary amine or a tertiary amine. In someembodiments, the compound is or comprises at least one of a primaryamine, a secondary amine or a tertiary amine, an amide, an imide, anitrogen-containing ion or an amino acid.

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises at least one of anamide, an imide, a nitrogen-containing ion or an amino acid.

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises an amino acid. Thepresent disclosure encompasses all natural and synthetic amino acids. Insome embodiments, the amino acid is arginine.

In some embodiments, the compound is at least one of an amide, anitrogen-containing ion or an imide.

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises an imide. In someembodiments, the compound is or comprises succinimide.

In some embodiments, the compound is a nitrogen-containing ion. Thenitrogen-containing ion as used herein refers to a nitrogen atom being anegatively charged atom or a positively charged atom.

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises at least one ofammonium, guanidinium, succinimide or glycerophosphocholine (GPC).

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises an ammonium ion. Insome embodiments, the compound is or comprises a guanidinium group. Insome embodiments, the compound is glycerophosphocholine (GPC).

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises a nitrate group or anitrite group. In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N]nitrate. Thecompound [¹⁵N]nitrate is to be understood as having the chemicalstructure of ¹⁵NO₃ ⁻¹. The [¹⁵N]nitrate may be in a salt form,optionally as a sodium salt. In some embodiments, the compound is sodiumnitrate (NaNO₃).

In some embodiments, the compound is or comprises an amide. In someembodiments, the compound is urea. In some embodiments, at least one ofthe nitrogen atoms is labeled with a nitrogen atom and thus the compoundis [¹⁵N]urea. In some embodiments, two of the nitrogen atoms are labeledwith a nitrogen atom and thus the compound is [¹⁵N₂]urea.

The compound [¹⁵N]urea is to be understood as having one of the twonitrogen atoms labeled with N-15 and having the chemical structure of¹⁵NH₂C(═O)NH₂ and the compound [¹⁵N₂]urea is to be understood as havingboth nitrogen atoms labeled with N-15 and having the chemical structureof (¹⁵NH₂)₂C(═O).

The labeled compound described herein may comprise, an additionalisotopically labeled atom, further to the labeled nitrogen atom. In someembodiments, the compound comprises at least one isotopically labeledhydrogen atom, ²H (having 1 neutron and 1 proton in hydrogen nucleus).In the context of the present disclosure, when referring to aisotopically labeled hydrogen atom or a labeled hydrogen it should beunderstood to relate to a deuterated hydrogen atom (deuterium or “D”).Deuterium is the stable isotope of hydrogen, which includes in itsnucleus one proton and one neutron. When the compound includes adeuterium atom, it replaces one or more of the hydrogen atoms present inthe compound.

In some embodiments when the isotopically labeled atom is deuterium, theisotopically enrichment of the deuterium in a specific position in acompound of the invention, may be between about 0.015% to about 99.9%.

In some embodiments, the at least one isotopically labeled nitrogen atommay be directly bonded to the at least one isotopically labeled hydrogenatom. In other embodiments the at last one isotopically labeled nitrogenatom may be adjacent (on a neighboring atom) to said at least oneisotopically labeled hydrogen atom.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N]urea or [¹⁵N₂]urea having atleast one labeled hydrogen. In some embodiments, the compound is[¹⁵ND]urea. In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵ND₂]urea. In someembodiments, the compound is [¹⁵ND₃]urea. In some embodiments, thecompound is [¹⁵ND₄]urea.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N₂D]urea. In some embodiments,the compound is [¹⁵N₂D₂]urea. In some embodiments, the compound is[¹⁵N₂D₃]urea. In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N₂D₄]urea.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N]urea, [¹⁵N₂]urea, [¹⁵ND]urea,[¹⁵ND₂], [¹⁵ND₃], [¹⁵ND₄], [¹⁵N₂D], [¹⁵N₂D₂], [¹⁵N₂D₃], [¹⁵N₂D₄] or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵ND]urea, [¹⁵ND₂], [¹⁵ND₃],[¹⁵ND₄], [¹⁵N₂D], [¹⁵N₂D₂], [¹⁵N₂D₃], [¹⁵N₂D₄] or any combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure are in thehyperpolarized state. As described herein, a compound undergoeshyperpolarization being in a solid state, e.g. at low temperatures forexample as low as 1K or 2° K and may undergo a subsequent dissolutionwithin a solution, while still in a hyperpolarized state.

Accordingly, the term hyperpolarized state encompasses a compound beingin a solid state form or in a liquid form. In some embodiments, thelabeled compounds of the present disclosure are in the hyperpolarizedstate within a solution. In some embodiments, the labeled compounds ofthe present disclosure are in the hyperpolarized state within an aqueoussolution. As described herein, the aqueous solution may comprise D₂O.

The term hyperpolarized state as used herein should be understood in thecontext of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques.

A signal obtained in an MR technique for particular nucleus is a resultsof a difference in the spin population energy level of this nucleus. Thestrength/intensity of the MRR signal depends on the difference in thenumbers of nuclei at the low energy level and at the high energy level.The difference between the population of a nucleus at high and lownuclear energy levels is the “polarization” of the nuclei. Under thermalequilibrium conditions, the polarization is relatively low therebyresulting in a weak signal at MR techniques.

When referring to hyperpolarization of the compound of the presentdisclosure, it should be understood to relate to a compound wherein someof its atoms' spin polarization is increased. The term hyperpolarizedstate as used herein refers to a state of the nitrogen nuclear spins andspecifically to a change in the N-15 spin distribution resulting with anover-population of spins in the low energy state (increased spinpolarization). Thus, increasing the polarization of a specific nucleusin a compound consequently creating an artificial, non-equilibriumdistribution of the spin population of a nucleus, i.e. a“hyperpolarized” state, where the spin population difference isincreased by several orders of magnitudes compared with the thermalequilibrium.

There are several methods for increasing nuclear spin polarization. Themethods are applied to compounds of the invention ex vivo, andsubsequently administered, similar to contrast agents, although with asbiomarkers. The dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) method is one of themost widespread due to its versatility, as it can be applied to a widevariety of molecules. DNP operates on the principle of the NuclearOverhauser Effect (NOE). The current dissolution DNP method performsspin polarization transfer at low temperatures, where the electron spinshave very high polarization levels. During the polarization transfer,the target molecule and an electron donor molecule are maintained as anamorphous solid that is then rapidly dissolved just before use. Thismethod regularly achieves polarization on the order of 20% to 40% (e.g.compared with approximately 0.00008% polarization for ¹³C per Tesla atbody temperature).

In parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP), spin polarization istransferred from parahydrogen to the target molecule via a chemicalreaction. The process can be accomplished rapidly, yielding high levelsof polarization, but due to the requirements of the chemical reaction,only a limited set of molecules can be polarized using this technique.

The increased spin polarization changes several features of the labeledcompounds described herein as compared to the corresponding compound ina non-hyperpolarized state, including increasing the signal observed inMR. Thus, in accordance with some embodiments, the labeled compoundsdescribed herein, when being in a hyperpolarized state, arecharacterized by an increased MR signal as compared to the labeledcompounds in a non-hyperpolarized state.

In some embodiments, the compound described herein are in ahyperpolarized state. In some embodiments, the compound is at least oneof hyperpolarized N-15 labeled ammonium, hyperpolarized N-15 labeledguanidinium, hyperpolarized N-15 labeled succinimide or hyperpolarizedN-15 labeled glycerophosphocholine (GPC).

In some embodiments, the compound is a hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate or[¹⁵N]nitrite. Surprisingly, the inventors have found that salts ofnitrate and specifically sodium salt can safely undergo a process ofhyperpolarization and dissolution (e.g. forming solid state at cryotemperatures and dissolution at temperatures above 0° C.) and be used asa contrast agent.

In some embodiments, the compound is a hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate. Insome embodiments, the hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate is in a liquid form.In some embodiments, the compound is a hyperpolarized Na[¹⁵N]nitrate,optionally in a liquid form.

In some embodiments, the compound is hyperpolarized N-15 labeled urea.In some embodiments, the hyperpolarized N-15 labeled urea is in a liquidform.

In some embodiments, the compound is hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]urea. In someembodiments, the compound is hyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea. In someembodiments, the hyperpolarized compound is [¹⁵ND]urea, [¹⁵ND₂]urea,[¹⁵ND₃]urea, [¹⁵ND₄]urea, [¹⁵N₂D]urea, [¹⁵N₂D₂]urea, [¹⁵N₂D₃]urea,[¹⁵N₂D₄]urea or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, thehyperpolarized compound is [¹⁵N]urea, [¹⁵N₂]urea, [¹⁵ND]urea,[¹⁵ND₂]urea, [¹⁵ND₃]urea, [¹⁵ND₄]urea, [¹⁵N₂D]urea, [¹⁵N₂D₂]urea,[¹⁵N₂D₃]urea, [¹⁵N₂D₄]urea or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, such hyperpolarized compound are in a liquid form.

In some embodiments, the hyperpolarized labeled compound ischaracterized by an ¹⁵N MRS signal that has increased signal by at least1,000 compared to the MRS signal of the same compound in anon-hyperpolarized state measured at the same magnetic field.

In some other embodiments, the hyperpolarized labeled compound ischaracterized by an ¹⁵N MRS signal that has increased signal of between1,000 to 10,000 compared to the MRS signal of the same compound in anon-hyperpolarized state at the same magnetic field, at times between1,000 to 5,000. The increased signal may be denoted as enhancementfactor.

As appreciated, the increased ¹⁵N MRS signal of the hyperpolarizedlabeled compound as compared to the ¹⁵N MRS signal of the same labeledcompound in a non-hyperpolarized state can be determined the acquiring¹⁵N spectra under conditions, for example, as shown in the Examplesherein below.

In some embodiments, the hyperpolarized labeled compound ischaracterized by an ¹⁵N MRS signal that has at least 1% to 50% increasedpolarization compared to the MRS signal of the same compound in anon-hyperpolarized state. In some other embodiments, the hyperpolarizedlabeled compound is characterized by an ¹⁵N MRS signal that has at least5% to 30% increased polarization compared to the MRS signal of the samecompound in a non-hyperpolarized state. The increased polarization canbe determined from the enhancement factor as known to a skilled personin the field, for example of dissolution dNTP.

This increase in MR signal is a highly important advantage enabling theuse of the hyperpolarized labeled compound described herein fordiagnostic purposes. An additional advantage of the hyperpolarizedlabeled compound relate to their effective lifetime that determines thetime period at which the spin polarization is maintained. In otherwords, the time period at which the compound carries the increasedsignal can be detected by MR.

The effective lifetime of the compound is dictated by the compound'srelaxation. In MR techniques (MRS, MRI), the term relaxation describeshow signals change with time. In general signals deteriorate with time,becoming weaker and broader. The deterioration reflects the fact thatthe MR signal, which results from nuclear magnetization, arises from theover-population of an excited state. Relaxation is the conversion ofthis non-equilibrium population to a normal population. In other words,relaxation describes how quickly spins “forget” the direction in whichthey are oriented. The deterioration of an MR signal is analyzed interms of two separate processes, each with their own time constants. Oneprocess, associated with T₁, is responsible for the loss of signalintensity. Thus, the effective lifetime of the compound is dictated bythe compound's T relaxation. This time, T₁ determines how much spinpolarization is lost. Thus, as detailed herein, in order to maintain anincreased signal, the hyperpolarized compound is prepared just beforeit's use in MR, to minimize relaxation losses.

Nitrogen atoms that directly bound to hydrogen atoms may have low T₁values. For example, ammonium ions and primary amines in amino acids mayshow a T₁ value of several tens of seconds, however their visibility isvery sensitive to pH changes and other microenvironment parameters, dueto the changes in the exchange rate of the protons on the amines. Thesame rational can be followed for any other nitrogen bonded toexchangeable protons.

The inventors have surprisingly found that it is possible to usecompounds having N-15 directly bound to hydrogen atoms and managed toprolong the compound's T₁—by exchanging the protons with deuterons. Thisis done by preparing the formulation for solid-state polarization in D₂Oor by using D₂O in the dissolution solvent as a small amounts of D₂O inthe blood are not toxic. In this way it has been found by the inventorsto dramatically increase the visibility window of ¹⁵N-labeled compoundssuch as ammonium chloride, urea, arginine, and succinimide.

In some embodiments, the compound has a T₁ relaxation of a ¹⁵N nucleusof at least about 30 seconds. In some embodiments, the hyperpolarizedlabel compound has a T₁ relaxation of a ¹⁵N nucleus of between 30seconds to 600 seconds In some other embodiments, the hyperpolarizedlabel compound has a T₁ relaxation of a ¹⁵N nucleus of between 50seconds to 380 seconds. In some other embodiments, the hyperpolarizedlabel compound has a T₁ relaxation of a ¹⁵N nucleus of between 50seconds to 200 seconds. As appreciated, the T₁ relaxation may depend onthe temperature at which it is measured.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N]nitrate, optionallyNa[¹⁵N]nitrate, in a hyperpolarized state having a T₁ relaxation of a¹⁵N nucleus of at least 90 seconds, at least 100 seconds, even at least150 seconds or between 100 seconds to 200 seconds.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N]nitrate, optionallyNa[¹⁵N]nitrate, in a hyperpolarized state having a T₁ relaxation of a¹⁵N nucleus of between 100 seconds to about 115 seconds measured at atemperature of between about 34° C. to about 50° C.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N]nitrate, optionallyNa[¹⁵N]nitrate, in a hyperpolarized state having a T₁ relaxation of a¹⁵N nucleus of about 109 seconds measured at a human body temperature ofbetween about 34° C. to about 44° C.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N]nitrate, optionallyNa[¹⁵N]nitrate, in a hyperpolarized state having a T₁ relaxation of a¹⁵N nucleus of about 105 seconds measured at a temperature of betweenabout 40° C. to about 50° C.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N]nitrate, optionallyNa[¹⁵N]nitrate, in a hyperpolarized state having a T₁ relaxation of a¹⁵N nucleus of about 170 seconds measured at a temperature of betweenabout 10° C. to about 20° C.

In some embodiments, the compound is [¹⁵N]urea having at least onelabeled hydrogen atom in a hyperpolarized state having a T₁ relaxationof a ¹⁵N nucleus of at least 150 seconds, at least 200 seconds, at least250 seconds, at least 300 seconds, even at least 350 seconds or between100 seconds to 400 seconds. In some embodiments, the compound is[¹⁵N]urea, [¹⁵N₂]urea, [¹⁵ND]urea, [¹⁵ND₂], [¹⁵ND₃], [¹⁵ND₄], [¹⁵N₂D],[¹⁵N₂D₂], [¹⁵N₂D₃], [¹⁵N₂D₄] or any combination thereof in ahyperpolarized state having a T₁ relaxation of a ¹⁵N nucleus of 380seconds measured at a temperature of between about 65° C. to about 75°C.

The compound of the present disclosure may be used in the form of acomposition or a kit. Thus, the present disclosure further provides acomposition comprising at least one labeled and hyperpolarized compounddetailed herein. It is noted that the composition may comprise at leastone compound of the invention in a mixture with pharmaceuticallyacceptable auxiliaries, and optionally other therapeutic agents. Theauxiliaries must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible withthe other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to therecipients thereof.

In some embodiment, the composition comprising D₂O. The amount of D₂O inthe composition depends on a variety of factors. In some embodiments,the composition comprising the labeled hyperpolarized compound comprisesbetween 10 ml to 20 ml.

Compositions and compounds of the invention may be administrated by anyknown method in the art. These include, but are not limited to,injection (e.g., using a subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, orintradermal injection), dermal, intranasal administration and oraladministration. The amount of a compound according to the invention thatmay be used in a formulation of the invention, or generally administeredto a subject, may be determined by the practitioner to provide aneffective diagnosis, e.g., imaging. As compounds of the invention arenon-toxic, the amount or dosage selected may be such to yield aneffective end result.

Compositions administrable to a subject include those suitable for oral,rectal, nasal, topical (including transdermal, buccal, and sublingual),vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular,intravenous, and intradermal) administration or administration via animplant. The compositions may be prepared by any method well known inthe art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing inassociation a compound of the invention with any auxiliary agent. Theauxiliary agent(s), also named accessory ingredient(s), include thoseconventional in the art, such as carriers, fillers, binders, diluents,disintegrants, lubricants, colorants, flavoring agents, anti-oxidants,and wetting agents.

Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented asdiscrete dosage units such as pills, tablets, dragées or capsules, or asa powder or granules, or as a solution or suspension. The activeingredient may also be presented as a bolus or paste. The compositionscan further be processed into a suppository or enema for rectaladministration.

The present disclosure further provides a composition, as hereinbeforedescribed, in combination with packaging material, includinginstructions for the use of the composition for diagnosis as detailedherein. For parenteral administration, suitable compositions includeaqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection. The compositions may bepresented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealedvials and ampoules, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized)condition requiring only the addition of sterile liquid carrier, forexample water, prior to use. For transdermal administration, e.g. gels,patches or sprays can be contemplated. Compositions or formulationssuitable for pulmonary administration e.g. by nasal inhalation includefine dusts or mists which may be generated by means of metered dosepressurized aerosols, nebulizers or insufflators.

The present disclosure further provides a kit comprising at least onecompound of the invention comprising at least one isotopically labelednitrogen, in a hyperpolarized state, and means for administering the atleast one compound and instructions for use.

In accordance with some further aspects, the preset disclosure providesa compound as described herein comprising at least one labeled nitrogenand being in a hyperpolarized state, a composition comprising thecompound or a kit comprising the compound for use in diagnosis acondition or a disease in a subject.

The term “diagnosing a condition or disease” is meant to encompass anyprocess of investigating, identifying, recognizing, assessing acondition, disease or disorder of the mammalian body, including alltissues and structures in the body (for example blood vessels). Adiagnosis according to the present disclosure using a compound describedherein includes, but is not limited to objective quantitative diagnosisof a condition or disease, prognosis of a condition or disease, geneticpredisposition of a subject to have a condition or disease, efficacy oftreatment of a therapeutic agent administered to a subject (eithercontinually or intermittently), quantification of neuronal function,diagnosis and evaluation from the fields of oncology, neurology,psychiatry, cardiology, vascular, infection and inflammation of atherapeutic agent activity, determination of drug efficacy,characterization of masses, tumors, cysts, blood vessel abnormalities,and internal organ function; quantification of brain, kidney, liver, andother organs' metabolic function; examination of the action, response orprogress of therapy (involving medicinal and non-medicinal treatment)aimed at alleviating or curing at least one of oncology, neurology,psychiatry, cardiology, vascular, infection and inflammation diseasesand disorders.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is at least one of amalignant disease, an inflammatory disease or a vascular diseases.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a proliferativedisorder.

A proliferative disorder, diagnosed by utilizing compounds of theinvention, is a disorder displaying cell division and growth that is notpart of normal cellular turnover, metabolism, growth, or propagation ofthe whole organism. Unwanted proliferation of cells is seen in tumorsand other pathological proliferation of cells, does not serve normalfunction, and for the most part will continue unbridled at a growth rateexceeding that of cells of a normal tissue in the absence of outsideintervention. A pathological state that ensues because of the unwantedproliferation of cells is referred herein as a “hyper-proliferativedisease” or “hyper-proliferative disorder.” It should be noted that theterm “proliferative disorder”, “cancer”, “tumor” and “malignancy” allrelate equivalently to a hyperplasia of a tissue or organ.

Non-limiting examples of cancers include blastoma, carcinoma, lymphoma,leukemia, sarcoma, mesothelioma, glioma, germinoma, choriocarcinoma,melanoma, glioblastoma, lymphoid malignancies, squamous cell cancer(e.g. epithelial squamous cell cancer), lung cancer including small-celllung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung andsquamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellularcancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer,pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, livercancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectalcancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivarygland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer,thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, aswell as head and neck cancer.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is breast cancer. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is hepatocellular carcinoma. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is a metastatic tumour in thelungs.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is an inflammatorydisorder.

An inflammatory disorder, diagnosed by utilizing compounds of theinvention, is a disorder encompassing any immune response. Theinflammatory disorder may be an infectious or a non-infectious disorder.Non-infectious inflammatory disorders are any disorder which theactivation of macrophages or activated macrophages play a role such asauto-immune disorders and inflammatory disorders which are not infectionrelated, i.e. non-pathogenic, caused by other than an infectious agent(e.g. auto-antigen, hypersensitivity, wound). Not limiting examplesinclude inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such asCrohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, gastritis, colitis,ulcerative colitis, colon irritable, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer,inflammatory diseases of the skin such as psoriasis, inflammatorydiseases of the respiratory system such as asthma, allergic rhinitis orchronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis,sarcoidosis, inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system such asrheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, or neuritis, systemicsclerosis, inflammatory diseases of the kidneys such asglomerulonephritis, renal ischemia, or renal inflammation; inflammatorydiseases of the nervous system such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer'sdisease and HIV-1-associated dementia; autoimmune diseases such asdiabetes, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and graft versus host reaction;infectious disease such as nephritis, sepsis, septic shock, endotoxicshock, adult respiratory distress syndrome; inflammatory conditions ofthe cardiovascular system, such as myocardial infarction, myocarditis,atherosclerosis, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, atheroma, intimalhyperplasia or restenosis or autoimmune disorders such as MultipleSclerosis (MS), inflammatory arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

In some embodiments, the disease or condition relates to thedifferentiation of inflammation from oedema in inflammatory processes.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is multiple sclerosis (MS)and the use is for proper stage identification of MS.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a cardiovasculardisease (CVD). CVD is a class of diseases that involve the heart orblood vessels. In some embodiments, the cardiovascular diseases iscoronary artery diseases (CAD), stroke, heart failure, hypertensiveheart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heartarrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis,aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, andvenous thrombosis. Examples of CAD include stable angina, unstableangina, myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack), andsudden cardiac death.

The compounds can be used for perfusion imaging, also denoted asperfusion MRI or perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI). Perfusion imaging isperfusion scanning by the use of a particular MRI sequence. The acquireddata are then post processed to obtain perfusion maps with differentparameters, such as BV (blood volume), BF (blood flow), MTT (meantransit time) and TTP (time to peak). In some embodiments, the

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is associated with poorblood circulation. In accordance with such embodiments, the compound ofthe invention may be used in Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). MPI isindicative on how well blood flows through (perfuses) through the heartmuscle and can show regions of the heart muscle that are not wellperfused, i.e. are not getting enough blood flow.

In some other embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from thefollowing non-limiting list: peripheral artery disease (PAD), bloodclot, varicose veins, diabetes, obesity, Raynaud's disease or aproliferative disorder.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a stroke. A stroke isknown as a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brainresults in cell death.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is a central nervoussystem disease.

The compound, composition or kit according with the invention are allpossibly utilized in a variety of applications: in acquiring a magneticresonance spectrum of a subject or a region of a subject, acquiring amagnetic resonance image of a subject or the region, in diagnosing acondition or disease in a subject and others.

In accordance with another aspect, the present disclosure thus providesa method of imaging of a subject, the method comprises monitoring asignal from a subject using an imaging or a spectroscopic method, thesubject having been administered at least one compound according to theinvention.

It should be noted that monitoring a signal encompasses collecting datapossibly in a form of an image or a spectrum from a subject includingany region of the subject body. The term “monitoring” as used herein ismeant to encompass the quantitative and/or qualitative detection andobservation of a signal originating from the hyperpolarized compound ofthe invention being administered to the subject.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for imaging at leastone body region of a subject, the method comprising administering to thesubject an effective amount of a compound according to the invention,and imaging the at least one body region.

As noted herein, compounds of the invention are suitable for imaging anddiagnosis. Diagnosis is required for the identification of specificsubjects (sub-population) suffering from a specific disorder orcondition.

In some embodiments, the method of the invention is utilized fordetermining a site of a disease or condition and/or for distinguishingbetween healthy and abnormal tissues or organs. In some embodiments, themethod is used for distinguishing or differentiating between malignantand benign tumors.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for diagnosis of adisease or condition in a subject, the method comprising administeringto the subject a diagnostically effective amount of a compound accordingto the invention, and monitoring the subject or a body region of thesubject to thereby identify body regions susceptible of having a diseaseor a condition.

In another aspect the invention provides a method for diagnosing acondition or disease in a subject, said method comprising:

-   -   administrating to the subject a diagnostically effective amount        of a hyperpolarized labeled compound comprising at least one        isotopically labeled nitrogen atom;    -   monitoring the hyperpolarized compound, thereby diagnosing the        condition or disease in the subject.

In some embodiments, the method comprising prior to administration, astep of hyperpolarizing the compound comprising at least oneisotopically labeled nitrogen atom.

In another aspect the invention provides a method for diagnosing acondition or disease in a subject, said method comprising:

-   -   hyperpolarizing a compound comprising at least one isotopically        labeled nitrogen atom;    -   administrating to the subject an effective amount of the        hyperpolarized compound;    -   monitoring the hyperpolarized compound, thereby diagnosing the        condition or disease in the subject.

The hyperpolarization may be conducted at a temperature between 1° K to2° K to obtain a solid state hyperpolarized compound. Thehyperpolarization step may be performed using various techniques. Forexample, the hyperpolarization may be performed using dynamic nuclearpolarization techniques at a temperature between 1° K to 2° K. Furtherfor example, the hyperpolarization may be performed using para-hydrogeninduced polarization techniques. As appreciated, other temperatureranges and/or other hyperpolarization technique may be also used.

The solid state hyperpolarized compound is further adjusted foradministration into a subject. In some embodiments, the methodcomprising prior to administration, a step of dissolving the solid statehyperpolarized compound in an aqueous solution to obtain thehyperpolarized compound in solution. In some embodiments, the aqueoussolution comprising D₂O.

In another aspect the invention provides a method for diagnosing acondition or disease in a subject, said method comprising:

-   -   hyperpolarizing a compound comprising at least one isotopically        labeled nitrogen atom to obtain a hyperpolarized compound in        solid state;    -   dissolution of the hyperpolarized compound in solid state in an        aqueous solution to obtain a solubilized compound;    -   administrating to the subject an effective amount of the        solubilized hyperpolarized compound;    -   monitoring the hyperpolarized compound,

thereby diagnosing the condition or disease in the subject.

As described herein, monitoring and detection a signal from thecompounds for the invention may be performed by any non-invasive orinvasive method, preferably, as detailed herein, by MRS, MRI, magneticresonance spectroscopic imaging, and PET.

In the context of the present disclosure, when referring to diagnosisand specifically to MRS and/or MRI diagnosis it should be understood toencompass a medical imaging technique used in radiology to providespectra or to form pictures (images) of the anatomy and thephysiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

MRS and MRI diagnosis makes use of magnetic fields, radio waves, and incase of MRI also field gradients to generate at least one spectrum or atleast one image of the organs in the body.

In some embodiments, the monitoring is performed by means of MRS and/orMRI using a magnetic resonance scanner (an MRI scanner). Magneticresonance signals obtained may be converted by conventionalmanipulations into 2-, 3- or 4-dimensional data (spatial and temporal)including metabolic, kinetic, diffusion, relaxation, and physiologicaldata. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be conducted by anysuitable probe, for example using a ¹H RF coil, ¹⁵N RF coil, a D RF coilor a double tuned RF coil (¹⁵N/D or ¹⁵N/H).

In some embodiments, the monitoring is by acquiring ¹H, ²H and/or ¹⁵Nmagnetic resonance (MR) spectrum and/or image from a tissue in thesubject (MRS and/or MRI).

In some embodiments, the monitoring is by acquiring at least one ¹Hspectrum. In some other embodiments, the monitoring is by acquiring atleast one ¹⁵N spectrum. In some further embodiments, the monitoring isby acquiring at least one ¹H image. In some other embodiments, themonitoring is by acquiring at least one ¹⁵N image.

Detecting such signal using MR can be done by using for examplespecialized probes for acquiring the signal. For example, diagnosis ofbreast cancer may be done by subjecting a subject to magnetic field andusing specific MR sequences and equipment (e.g. probes) to acquiresignal from the breast region of a subject.

In some embodiments, the methods of the invention comprises a step ofdetecting a signal prior to administration of the compound. This may bepossible by exposing the subject to magnetic field using MR to obtain adetectable signal. In some embodiments, prior to administration of thecompounds of the invention, at least one anatomical ¹H image may beacquired.

In some embodiments, prior to administration of the compounds of theinvention, suspected regions of having a disease or condition may berecorded using similar conditions to the conditions at which thecompound is acquired to obtain base-line information.

In some embodiments, the method comprising prior to the administrationstep, acquiring at least one ¹H, ²H or ¹⁵N MR spectrum and/or image fromthe subject's body or any one or more regions thereof. Monitoring thesubject or any subject's region may be subjected to signal analysis ofthe MR spectrum or spectra and/or image processing of the acquiredimage(s). The results of the spectrum and/or image is indicative for themethods described herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprising comparing at least oneparameter obtained from the at least one ¹H, ²H or ¹⁵N MR spectrumand/or image to at least one parameter obtained from the at least one¹H, ²H or ¹⁵N MR spectrum and/or image in the same subject at an earlierpoint in time, wherein the comparison permits diagnosis of the disease.

In some embodiments, the method comprising comparing at least oneparameter obtained spectrum and/or image analysis to at least oneparameter obtained from spectrum and/or image analysis in the samesubject obtained at an earlier point in time, wherein the comparisonpermits diagnosis of the disease. The earlier time point may be forexample, prior to compound administration.

The compound described herein comprising at least one labeled nitrogenatom and being in a hyperpolarized state may be denoted as MR contrastagent. The term “contrast agent” refers to a substance used to increasethe visual perception of structures or fluids within the body in medicalimaging. In some embodiments, the labeled hyperpolarized compound is foruse in diagnosis of a condition or a disease in a subject. The diagnosisis possible due to the fact that the compound described herein have theability to differentiate between anatomical structures/fluids withintissue. In some embodiments, the contrast agent is [¹⁵N]nitrate,preferably a salt of [¹⁵N]nitrate, at times Na[¹⁵N]nitrate. In someother embodiments, the contrast agent is [¹⁵N]urea, [¹⁵N₂]urea,[¹⁵ND]urea, [¹⁵ND₂], [¹⁵ND₃], [¹⁵ND₄], [¹⁵N₂D], [¹⁵N₂D₂], [¹⁵N₂D₃],[¹⁵N₂D₄] or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the diagnostic methods comprises administration ofhyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate, preferably Na[¹⁵N]nitrate in a solutionform. In some other embodiments, the diagnostic methods comprisesadministration of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]urea, [¹⁵N₂]urea, [¹⁵ND]urea,[¹⁵ND₂], [¹⁵ND₃], [¹⁵ND₄], [¹⁵N₂D], [¹⁵N₂D₂], [¹⁵N₂D₃], [¹⁵N₂D₄] or anycombination thereof in a solution form.

In some embodiments, the compound according to the invention is the only(or main) contrast agent used. In other embodiments, it is used incombination with another contrast agent.

As detailed herein, the ability of the compounds of the invention to beused as contrast agents mainly depend on their relaxation time (T₁). Asalso noted above, the effective lifetime of the compound describedherein, determines the time period at which the spin polarization ismaintained and hence the time period at which the compound carries theincreased signal can be detected by MR. Thus, in order to maximize theeffectiveness of the compound, the compound should be administrated tothe subject at a time period of between 10 seconds to 240 seconds afterdissolving the compound in the aqueous solution, at times between 20seconds to 200 seconds, at times between 50 seconds to 100 seconds. Insome embodiments, the subject is administered with consecutive doses ofthe hyperpolarized compound.

The compound, compositions or kits used according to the invention maybe utilized for imaging a region or organ of a subject's body after orduring treatment or otherwise state of a disease, it may be furtherutilized in determining severity of the disease, for, e.g., enablingdetermination of treatment effectiveness and continued treatment.Therefore, the compound, compositions or kits may be further utilized ina method for monitoring a disease state in a subject. In such a method,the subject is administered with the compound, the subject's body or anyone or more regions thereof is imaged, to obtain at least one imagingparameter indicative of the disease or disorder state, and comparingsaid at least one imaging parameter to at least one parameter obtainedfrom said subject at an earlier point in time or upon identification of,e.g., at least one symptom associated with said disease or disorder,wherein the comparison permits determining the progression of thedisease or disorder state.

Effective monitoring, made possible by utilization of a compound of theinvention, involves obtaining multiple parameters indicative of adisease state and progression at various points in time, prior to,during or after commencement of treatment, and comparing the collecteddata to determine any one therapeutic parameter. The monitoring may beconducted over a period of time, for example every few days or weeks,once a week, once a month, at the onset of treatment and at any timethereafter, etc.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for determining theseverity of a disease or disorder in a subject, the method comprisingadministering to said subject a compound according to the invention,imaging the subject's body or region thereof to obtain at least oneimaging parameter (e.g., indicative of the state of the disease ordisorder), and comparing said at least one imaging parameter to at leastone parameter obtained from said subject at the onset of treatment orprior to treatment commencement, wherein the comparison permitsdetermining the severity of the disease or disorder in the subject.

In another aspect the invention provides a method for determining theeffectiveness of a therapeutic treatment of a disease or disorder in asubject, the method comprising administering to said subject a compoundaccording to the invention, imaging the subject's body or region thereofto obtain at least one imaging parameter (e.g., indicative of the stateof the disease or disorder), and comparing said at least one imagingparameter to at least one parameter obtained from said subject at theonset of treatment or prior to treatment commencement, wherein thecomparison permits determining the effectiveness of the therapeutictreatment of the disease or disorder in the subject.

The determination of the effectiveness of treatment may be achieved atthe end of treatment or at any point in time during the treatmentperiod. Generally, and depending on the disease and disease state, theeffectiveness is indicated by any one or more changes in the diseasestate or any symptom associated therewith, such as decreasedproliferation.

In some embodiments, the methods of the invention are used forevaluating the effectiveness of drug treatment in cancer treatment, forexample, in evaluating the ability of a drug to reduce the size of atumor or to prevent the tumor from growing, wherein the method comprisesimaging the tumor with a compound according to the invention, asdisclosed herein, and measuring the size of the tumor; administering thedrug to the subject to affect at least one of reduction in the size ofthe tumor and prevention of growth of the tumor; re-imaging the tumorwith the same or different compound and measuring the size of the tumor,and comparing the size of tumor after administration of the drug to thesize of the tumor prior to administration of the drug. As compounds ofthe invention are not intended nor suitable for therapeutic use, the“drug” used for treatment is a material different from any compound usedfor diagnosis and accordance with the invention.

In a further aspect, the disclosure provides a compound being labeledglycerophosphocholine compound. In some embodiments, the compound being[¹⁵N]glycerophosphocholine. In some further embodiments, the compoundcomprising at least one labeled hydrogen atom. In other embodiments, thecompound being [¹⁵N,D₉]glycerophosphocholine. As described herein, thecompound [¹⁵N,D₉]glycerophosphocholine may be in a hyperpolarized state.

The present disclosure also encompasses a composition and/or a kitcomprising a labeled glycerophosphocholine compound. For example, a kitcomprising a composition comprising [¹⁵N,D₉]glycerophosphocholine andinstructions for use thereof.

In another aspect, the disclosure provides a compound comprising atleast one isotopically labeled nitrogen atom, wherein the compound is ina hyperpolarized state and wherein the compound is at least one of anamine, an amide, an imide, a nitrogen-containing ion or an amino acid.

The term “about” as used herein indicates values that may deviate up to1%, more specifically 5%, more specifically 10%, more specifically 15%,and in some cases up to 20% higher or lower than the value referred to,the deviation range including integer values, and, if applicable,non-integer values as well, constituting a continuous range.

As used herein the term “about” refers to ±10%.

The term subject as used herein refers to human and non-human subjects.

NON-LIMITING EXAMPLES Example 1—Hyperpolarization of N-15 LabeledCompounds

Structure of compound containing ¹⁵N sites bound to labile protonsstudied in this work are shown in the scheme 1 below. The nitrogen siteslabeled with ¹⁵N are indicated and labile protons that are to bereplaced by deuterons upon dissolution in D₂O are encircled.

The choline metabolite glycerophosphocholine (GPC) is Generally RegardedAs Safe (GRAS), as noted in a 2012 letter to the FDA. The safe dose foran intravenous injection of GPC to mice and rats was 521 and 781 mg/kg,respectively. Dogs receiving a daily intravenous injection of up to 120mg/kg of GPC for 28 days showed only mild and reversible mood changesand no mortality. The T₁ of [¹⁵N,D₉]GPC was estimated to be of the sameorder of magnitude as that of [¹⁵N,D₉]choline—about 6 min. In light ofits promising ¹⁵N T₁ and its positive safety profile, one of thecompounds described herein is of [¹⁵N,D₉]GPC and it's hyperpolarizedstate.

FIG. 1 shows the ¹⁵N T₁s of compounds and formulations (compositions) inwater and D₂O at 5.8T. As can be seen, the decay of the nitrate moietyfor ¹⁵N hyperpolarization is not affected much by the protonation of thewater. In the dissolution in physiological saline shown in FIG. 1, the Twas 102 s, meaning that also the addition of osmotic pressure did notsignificantly affect the hyperpolarized decay. These advantages areexpected also for [¹⁵N, D₉]GPC. The value shown here for this compoundis a speculation, based on previous results obtained with [D₉]choline.

Although non-protonated positions of ¹⁵N show advantages for ¹⁵Nhyperpolarization, a strategy for improving the lifetime/visibility ofprotonated ¹⁵N positions was suggested for ammonium, urea, arginine, andsuccinimide.

To provide an estimate for the relative signals of these hyperpolarizedcompounds in the body, and the potential effect of D₂O dissolution forprotonated positions, hypothetical decay curves were plotted based onthe T values presented in FIG. 2. The decay curves presented in FIG. 2simulate the decay of the signal for 1.5 min in D₂O (from the dDNPdevice to the subject) and then continuation of the decay inH₂O—corresponding to the decay of the signal in the subject's body—underthe assumption that the injected dose immediately mixes with the largecontent of water in the body. The starting level of the signal iscalculated based on 100 mg of solid-state formulation, the solubility ofthe compound in the formulation (mole compound/mg formulation), and thenumber of ¹⁵N nuclei per molecule. This hypothetical relative signalbehavior assumes an equal level of solid state polarization level forall compounds (per mole ¹⁵N) and that all compounds are injected at thesame dose in terms of mole/kg body weight. The advantage of the nitrate(green line) is clear in terms of long term visibility and therelatively slow loss of polarization in both media. It appears thatnitrate could serve as a candidate for a clinical MRI contrast agent.However, urea, ammonium, and succinimide also show prolonged overallvisibility, despite the faster decay in water.

Example 2: Hyperpolarized [¹⁵N] Nitrate as a Potential Long LivedHyperpolarized Contrast Agent for MRI

Nitrite (NO₂) is a bioactive ion in mammals and serves as a reservoir ofthe vasodilation agent nitric oxide (NO). However, nitrate (NO₃—) isconsidered relatively biologically inactive and was even used as acontrol in studies of the action of nitrite. The half-life of nitrate inthe circulation is about 5-6 h while that of nitrite is 20 min. Sincethe discovery that nitrate reductase activity occurs also in mammaliantissues and not only in bacteria, much research into the nature andlevel of this activity ensued and beneficial effects of nitrates havebeen reported in the context of several diseases and conditions such asdiabetes and heart failure.

Materials and Methods

Chemicals

Sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate and sodium [¹⁵N]nitrite were purchased fromSigma-Aldrich, Rehovot, Israel.

The OXO63 radical (GE Healthcare, UK) was obtained from OxfordInstruments Molecular Biotools (Oxford, UK). [¹⁵N₂]urea was purchasedfrom Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, Mass., USA).

Nitrate and Nitrite Formulations

To explore the hyperpolarized state of nitrate and the nitrite anions insolution the following formulations were prepared for solid-statepolarization: for the nitrate anion, 85.2 mg of Na¹⁵NO₃, 3.7 mg of OXO63radical, 76 mg of glycerol, and 145 mg D₂O. For the nitrite anion, 59.5mg of Na¹⁵NO₂, 2.2 mg of OXO63 radical, and 129.65 mg ofD₂O:[¹³C₃]glycerol 7:3 mixture. Carbon-13 labeled glycerol was used tomonitor the presence of the sample in the polarization chamber.

For the samples that were not prepared with [¹³C₃]glycerol, a smallamount of [¹³C,D₇]glucose (up to 13.3 mg) or [1-¹³C]pyruvic acid (up to1.8 mg) formulation was added as a dot on the cup wall-to indicate,using the polarizer ¹³C spectrometer, that the sample is in thepolarization chamber.

A vitrification assay showed that these formulations indeed formed aglass upon rapid freezing to cryogenic temperature (liquid nitrogen).

DNP Spin Polarization and Dissolution

Spin polarization and fast dissolution were carried out in a dDNP set-up(HyperSense, Oxford Instruments Molecular Biotools, Oxford, UK). Asdetailed below, a microwave frequency of 94.100 GHz was determined asoptimal.

The dissolution process is detailed in the results section. Briefly:20-90 mg of the sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate formulation were placed in apolarization sample cup, polarized by microwave irradiation, and thenquickly dissolved in 4 mL of superheated aqueous media (170° C. and 10bar). Unless otherwise stated, the dissolved hyperpolarized solution wasdirectly injected to a screw cup 10 mm NMR tube in a 5.8T NMRspectrometer via a PTFE line of about 2.4 m length with 3 s of He(g)chase. This line was wrapped with a heating tape (MRC, Holon, Israel)that enabled control over the temperature of the dissolution mediumarriving to the NMR tube directly or to a collection tube in the fringefield of the spectrometer. ¹⁵N-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrawere continuously recorded immediately at the start of the dissolutionprocess. The hyperpolarized signals appeared in the spectra at about10-14 s from the start of the dissolution process (meaning that thedissolution process and the chase of the media into the NMR tubeoccurred within about 10-14 s). In the experiments in body fluids and inexperiments in which the hyperpolarized solution was first cooled totemperatures below room temperature, the dissolution media was firstcollected in a conical tube placed in the spectrometer's fringe field,and then was injected by syringe via a PEEK line to the NMR tube thatwas placed in the magnet.

Modification of the Hyperpolarized Solution Temperature Prior to Arrivalto the Spectrometer

The temperature of the solution leaving the dDNP device was not lowerthan 26° C. For heating this hyperpolarized solution prior to arrival tothe NMR tube, the PTFE line leading the hyperpolarized solution out ofthe spin polarization device was wrapped with a heating tape connectedto a temperature controller (MRC, Holon, Israel). In this way,hyperpolarized solutions at temperatures higher than 26° C. could beobtained. For cooling the hyperpolarized solution, the heating tape wasnot turned on and the dissolution medium was mixed with 0 to 4 mL of D₂Oat 2° C. in a collection tube placed in ice-water bath in the fringefield of the magnet, prior to injection.

¹⁵N-NMR

¹⁵N-NMR spectroscopy was performed in a 5.8T NMR spectrometer (RS2D,Mundolsheim, France), using a 10 mm broad-band NMR probe. The chemicalshift scale of the spectra presented herein was calibrated based on aseparate measurement of a [¹⁵N₂]urea standard sample (4M in H₂O:D₂O80:20), carried out prior to hyperpolarized ¹⁵N acquisitions,calibrating the [¹⁵N₂]urea signal to −306 ppm (relative tonitromethane). For enhancement factor calculation, the spectra werecollected with a high flip angle of 300 and a repetition time of 2 s.For T₁ calculation, the spectra were acquired with a low flip angle of100 and a longer repetition time of 5-10 s.

Online Temperature Sensing in the NMR Spectrometer

The temperature in the NMR tube was continuously monitored using an NMRcompatible temperature probe (Osensa, Burnaby, BC, Canada). A typicalexample of such a measurement is shown below in the results sectionunder the header “Monitoring of sample temperature during the NMRmeasurements and simultaneous T₁ Determinations”).

Processing and Data Analysis

Spectral processing was performed using MNova (Mestrelab Research,Santiago de Compostela, Spain).

Determination of the T₁ of the hyperpolarized sites was performed bycurve fitting of the signal decay to the following equation:S(t)=S₀·e^(−t/T) ¹ ·(cos θ)^(t/TR), in which TR, the time betweenexcitations, and θ, the nutation angle of excitation, are known. Curvefitting was performed using Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, Mass., USA).

The absolute enhancement factor was determined by comparing the maximalSNR of the magnitude signal multiplied by the linewidth at half-heightobtained under hyperpolarized conditions to the intensity of the thermalequilibrium signal of the same sample (analyzed in the same way). Thespectrum at thermal equilibrium was acquired with the same nutationangle under fully relaxed conditions. The same spectral acquisitionparameters (spectral width, number of points, receiver gain) andprocessing parameters (apodization, zero-filling) were used in theanalysis of both spectra and the thermal equilibrium signal wascorrected for the number of scans.

Results

[¹⁵N]Nitrate is Observed in a Hyperpolarized State and its Decay isIndependent of Water Protonation or Salinity

Applying the dDNP technology to formulations of [¹⁵N]nitrate with thetrityl radical we could observe the hyperpolarized state of [¹⁵N]nitrateat 5.8 T, for about 10 min (FIG. 3A). The maximal enhancement factor,calculated for the 1 signal in solution, was 5,298. As shown below, whenextrapolated to the case of a common clinical MRI magnetic field of 1.5Tthis enhancement factor converts to about 20,500. This enhancementfactor was obtained following 2.5 h of polarization at 1.5-1.6 K. Thisenhancement factor corresponds to 1% ¹⁵N polarization. Other enhancementfactors that were found on varied experimental conditions are summarizedin the below under the header “Enhancement factors of hyperpolarized[¹⁵N]nitrate on selected individual experiments”. The T₁ of the ¹⁵N sitein [¹⁵N]nitrate was long-reaching 109±9 s (n=12) in D₂O at a temperaturerange of 34-44° C. (FIG. 3B). FIG. 3B shows T₁ values of hyperpolarized[¹⁵N]nitrate in solution, at concentrations of 19-29 mM sodium[¹⁵N]nitrate, T₁s were determined in D₂O, H₂O, and medical gradephysiological saline (154 mM NaCl in H₂O), at a temperature range of34-44° C.,*denotes one sample was dissolved in of 4 mL saline solutionand another sample was dissolved in 4 mL of saline which were then mixedwith 1 mL human saliva (experiment to be described above).

For several hyperpolarized compounds, dissolution in D₂O has been shownto prolong the T₁ time significantly. Here, it was found that the[¹⁵N]nitrate T₁ was not significantly affected by the water protonation(FIG. 3B) with the T₁ in water reaching 98±5 s (n=2). For biologicalapplications, it is necessary to investigate the T₁ in solutionsisosmotic to blood plasma (physiological saline, ˜300 mOsm), such thatthey can be safely injected. In general, it has been shown that in suchsaline solutions the hyperpolarized site's T₁ is shortened.Surprisingly, dissolution of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate inphysiological saline did not significantly reduce its T₁, which wasfound to be 102±5 s (n=2) (FIG. 3B). These findings suggested that theT₁ relaxation of [¹⁵N]nitrate is relatively immune to changes in thebasic physicochemical properties of the lattice, and therefore areencouraging with regards to the potential use of [¹⁵N]nitrate as along-lived contrast agent for MRI.

The ¹⁵N-NMR spectra of hyperpolarized ¹⁵N in sodium nitrate (Na¹⁵NO₃)dissolved in physiological saline is shown in FIG. 3C. A 10 nutationangle pulse was applied every 8 s, at a field of 5.8 T, at a temperatureof 38° C. The ¹⁵NO₃ ⁻ signal is visible for about 8 min. FIGS. 3C and 3Dshow a comparison of the hyperpolarized signal (HP) of ¹⁵N-nitrate tothe signal of the same sample at thermal equilibrium (TE). The nutationangle for both spectra was 30°. The HP spectrum was acquired with asingle scan and the TE spectrum was acquired with 64 scans over 10 h and40 min. All of the spectra were processed with a line broadening of 10Hz. From this experiment it was found that the percent polarization ofthe ¹⁵N was only 0.6%.

Enhancement Factors of Hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]Nitrate on SelectedIndividual Experiments

in the same spectrometer used to record the hyperpolarized signal(5.8T), as described in the Methods section, and then projected to theexpected enhancement factors at a common clinical scanner at 1.5T.Enhancement factors were calculated with reference to a spectrum of thesame sample. The maximal value of the enhancement factor is shown inTable 1 below (Experiment No. 19 in Table 1).

TABLE 1 A summary of the enhancement factors determined on multipleindividual hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate experiments. Enhancement Factorrelative to the same Projected Frequency sample at enhancement ofthermal factor relative Exp. Solvent for irradiation PolarizationTemperature equilibrium to thermal No. dissolution (GHz) Time (min)range (° C.) at 5.8T signal at 1.5T 1 D₂O 94.116 256 38.5-43   4,02415,559 2 D₂O 94.116 164 36.5-44   4,709 18,208 3 H₂O 94.116 15736.6-39   4,281 16,553 4 Saline + 10% 94.116 150 36.6-41.4 3,080 11,909D₂O 5 D₂O 94.116 60   37-39.2 2,339 9,044 6 D₂O 94.116 30 37.2-41.41,824 7,053 7 D₂O 94.116 105   36-40.2 2,709 10,475 8 D₂O 94.110 3038-42 2,162 8,360 9 D₂O 94.122 30 35.5-39   1,647 6,368 10 D₂O 94.092 3036.4-40.4 3,180 12,296 11 D₂O 94.104 30   36-41.5 3,228 12,482 12 D₂O94.098 30 39.3-42.5 2,965 11,465 13 D₂O 94.128 30 38.6-41.5 1,436 5,55314 D₂O 94.134 30 38.8-41   756 2,923 15 D₂O 94.086 30 38.1-39.6 3,89415,057 16 D₂O 94.146 30   39-42.6 1,166 4,509 17 D₂O 94.080 30 notrecorded 3,778 14,608 18 D₂O 94.152 30 39.6-49.8 1,615 6,245 19 H₂O94.100 150 34.3-40.4 5,298 20,486

Hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]Nirate is not Significantly Metabolized in BodyFluids

In order to predict the stability of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate invivo, the ¹⁵N signal was monitored upon dissolution of hyperpolarized[¹⁵N]nitrate in human blood and saliva. In order to monitor thepotential conversion of [¹⁵N]nitrate to [¹⁵N]nitrite in these fluids, itwas first aimed at characterizing the hyperpolarized signal of[¹⁵N]nitrite. The results are summarized in FIG. 4.

All the spectra in FIG. 4 are presented with an exponentialmultiplication of 10 Hz, and the line widths of the signals prior to theexponential multiplication were as follows: in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B the[¹⁵N]nitrate signal 3.2 Hz and the [¹⁵N]nitrite signal 3.6 Hz; in FIG.4C 1.1 Hz; in FIG. 4D 4.4 Hz; in FIG. 4E 4.3 Hz, in FIG. 4F 2.1 Hz; andin FIG. 4G 1.6 Hz.

FIG. 4A shows ¹⁵N spectra of co-polarized sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate and sodium[¹⁵N]nitrite in D₂O (29 mM and 47 mM, respectively), at 37-42° C., thesignals of [¹⁵N]nitrate and [¹⁵N]nitrite appear at −6.8 and 226.2 ppm,respectively. [¹⁵N]nitrite was polarized and visualized in ahyperpolarized state (FIG. 4D). The ¹⁵N chemical shift of the[¹⁵N]nitrite was 226.2 ppm (FIG. 4D), and its T₁ was found to be14.8±0.6 s (n=2) and 13.6±0.5 s (n=2) in D₂O and in H₂O, respectively.The effect of this shorter T₁ of [¹⁵N]nitrite compared to [¹⁵N]nitratecan be observed in the co-polarization and simultaneous decay experimentshown in FIG. 4A, which demonstrates the smaller and faster decayingsignal of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrite, although its concentration was1.6 fold higher. While the signal of the [¹⁵N]nitrate can be observedfor more than 500 s, the [¹⁵N]nitrite signal is observed for only 55 s(FIG. 4A).

FIG. 4B shows a summation of the spectra shown in FIG. 4A, in which bothof the signals were observed (a total of 15 spectra with repetition timeof 5 s, recorded with a flip angle of 10°).

FIG. 4D shows a summation of the spectra recorded from a hyperpolarizedsample of sodium [¹⁵N]nitrite in D₂O (37 mM), at 38-41° C. (a total of15 spectra with a repetition time of 5 s, recorded with a flip angle of10°), a small hyperpolarized nitrate signal is observed which may be theresult of conversion of [¹⁵N]nitrous acid in water to [¹⁵N]nitrate or an[¹⁵N]nitrate impurity coming from the original material.

Although the T₁ of [¹⁵N]nitrite is much shorter, it is sufficiently longthat significant conversion of [¹⁵N]nitrate to [¹⁵N]nitrite should beobservable during the hyperpolarized acquisition window. In the nextstep, the inventors wanted to examine the stability of [¹⁵N]nitrate inblood—i.e. have searched for signs of conversion to [¹⁵N]nitrite. Tothis end, hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate was dissolved in 4 mL of medicalgrade saline and quickly injected to an NMR tube containing 10 mL ofwhole human blood (healthy volunteer), to form a homogenous mixture, andthe hyperpolarized signal was monitored for 4 min at 32-36° C. andshowed a T₁ of 29±1 s (the error represents the 95% confidence intervalfor the individual fit). The final concentration of the [¹⁵N]nitrate inthis saline/blood mixture was 25 mM. Throughout this time, only the[¹⁵N]nitrate signal was detected.

Also, when combining all of the spectra that showed a signal, still thenitrate signal was the only signal that could be detected (FIG. 4E).This result suggests that the nitrate stability was not affected by thecontact with the blood components.

Although the intended route of administration for hyperpolarized[¹⁵N]nitrate is intravenous, the entero-salivary circulation recyclesnitrate from the blood to the saliva, where it can be bacteriallyconverted to [¹⁵N]nitrite. For this reason it was important to determinealso the potential conversion to hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrite in humansaliva. To this end, hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate was dissolved in 4 mLof medical grade saline and quickly injected to an NMR tube containing 1mL of human saliva from a healthy volunteer (not using anti-bacterialmouth wash). The [¹⁵N]nitrate hyperpolarized signal was monitored formore than 400 s at a temperature range of 37−42° C.

Throughout this time, only the [¹⁵N]nitrate signal was observed and ahyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrite signal was not observed (FIG. 4F). To testfor the presence of [¹⁵N]nitrite in this saline-saliva sample after thehyperpolarized state had decayed, the same sample was scanned at thermalequilibrium as well. The sample was scanned for 20 h, at roomtemperature. The summed spectrum, (12,000 averages acquired with arepetition time of 6 s and a flip angle of 10°), shows the [¹⁵N]nitratesignal only (FIG. 4G). FIG. 4G shows a summation of thermal equilibriumspectra of sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate (18 mM) in a saliva and saline mixture(same sample as in FIG. 4F), recorded at room temperature for 20 h, (atotal of 12,000 averages with repetition time of 6 s) with a flip angleof 10°.

These results suggest that [¹⁵N]nitrate was not significantlymetabolized in blood or in saliva of the individual volunteer. Furthertests with human saliva, conducted for longer measurement times, aredescribed in the following section.

Long Term Monitoring of the Conversion of [¹⁵N]Nitrate to [¹⁵N]Nitritein Solutions Containing Human Saliva

The same sample of sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate in the saline-saliva solutionpresented in FIG. 4G (which did not show metabolism) was scanned about amonth later and showed about equal signals of [¹⁵N]nitrate and[¹⁵N]nitrite. To investigate the stability of the [¹⁵N]nitrate in salineand saline saliva-solutions using controlled conditions, this experimentwas repeated in the following way.

First the stability of [¹⁵N]nitrate in the saline solution wasinvestigated. In order to mimic the experiment with hyperpolarized[¹⁵N]nitrate in terms of the DNP formulation and the dissolutioncomponents, 9.97 mg of [¹⁵N]nitrate and 2.60 mg of glucose weredissolved in 26.15 mg of a D₂O:glycerol mixture (66:34). Then, 4.59 mLsaline and 0.66 mL of D₂O were added to this mixture. This solution wastransferred to an NMR tube and scanned for 5 days. ¹⁵N fully-relaxedspectra were recorded in blocks of about 4 h, whereas each blockconsisted of 720 averages with a 30 flip angle and a repetition time of20 s. The summation of this 5 days scan is shown in FIG. 5A. Only the[¹⁵N]nitrate signal appears in the spectrum, suggesting that[¹⁵N]nitrate is stable at room temperature in this solution for thisperiod time.

In the next step, this solution was divided into 2 samples, in thefollowing manner: 3 mL of this solution were combined with 0.75 mL ofhuman saliva and the combined solution was scanned for 5 days. The restof the solution (without human saliva) was kept outside the magnet atroom temperature. The resulting spectrum of the [¹⁵N]nitrate in thesaline-saliva solution. FIG. 5B shows the signal of [¹⁵N]nitrite inaddition to [¹⁵N]nitrate, suggesting conversion due to the bacteria inthe saliva. FIG. 5C shows the resulting spectrum of an additional 5 daysscan of the [¹⁵N]nitrate in saline solution without human saliva.Despite the longer duration of presence of [¹⁵N]nitrate in saline,exposed to environmental bacteria, no conversion to [¹⁵N]nitrite wasobserved. These results suggest that [¹⁵N]nitrate in saline solution isstable at room temperature for at least 19 days (10 days of actualmeasurements and 9 days in between measurements). In addition, itsuggests that the conversion to [¹⁵N]nitrite was indeed catalyzed byhuman saliva microbiome. The conversion rate appeared to be about 23% in5 days in a solution with a starting [¹⁵N]nitrate concentration of 22mM. Assuming a linear conversion rate of nitrate to nitrite, theconversion rate appears to be about 3.8 mole per day per 0.75 mL ofsaliva.

Hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]Nitrate Shows Prolonged T₁ in Colder Solutions

For the duration required for transfer of the hyperpolarized solutionfrom the polarizer to the subject, prior to intravenous administration,the temperature for holding of the solution is not limited to bodytemperature. It was hypothesized that for this transfer time, it may bebeneficial to store the hyperpolarized solution at a colder temperature.To test this hypothesis, an experimental system was designed in whichthe hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate solution is either 1) heated anddirectly injected to the spectrometer or 2) cooled down (with onlinetemperature monitoring), and then injected to a nuclear magneticresonance (NMR) tube in the spectrometer where the temperature iscontinuously monitored as well, and the T₁ decay is determined inparallel. Hyperpolarized decays in temperatures at a range of 10-50° C.were monitored in this way (FIG. 6). At a range of temperatures close tothe human body temperature, 34-44° C., the T₁ was found to be 109±9 s(n=12), and at 40-50° C. the T₁ was similar at 105 s (n=1). Despite manyattempts to analyze segments of the decay data and resolve better apossible dependence of the decay rate on temperature, we could notdetect any such dependence and we concluded that in the temperaturerange of 34-50° C., the T₁ of [¹⁵N]nitrate does not change. However, attemperatures of 20-23° C. the T₁ was prolonged, reaching 139±6 s (n=2),and at 10-19° C. the T₁ was found to be 172±6 s (n=4). These findingssupport the hypothesis that in order to preserve the hyperpolarizedstate of [¹⁵N]nitrate it is advantageous to quickly cool thehyperpolarized solution.

Storage of Hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]Nitrate in Cold Solution EnablesProlonged Use for Injection

This prolonged T₁ of [¹⁵N]nitrate in colder solutions can be capitalizedon when observing hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate signal in vivo, inparticular when multiple perfusion measurements are desired, such thatthe hyperpolarized solution must be stored for long time periods beforeinjection. To test the utility of cold storage of the hyperpolarizedsolution for repeated injections, FIG. 7 demonstrates the visibility ofthis signal in blood for up to 9 min, while in a previous injection toblood the signal was observed for only 4 min (FIG. 4E, decay not shown).

FIG. 7 shows a solution of 32.6 mM hyperpolarized sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate insaline that was kept in an ice-water bath and ca. 1 mL volumes wereinjected to heparinized whole human blood in an NMR tube (4.5 mL). Theinjected volumes ranged in temperature from 16.4 to 1.7° C. Thecorresponding temperature range in the blood sample was 36.4-28.4° C.

To achieve this dramatic prolongation, the hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitratesolution was injected to a collection tube placed in an ice-water bathin the fringe field of the magnet and containing 1 mL of ice-cold salineat (2° C.). The hyperpolarized solution reaches the collection tube at aminimum of 26-27° C. and cools down throughout the duration of theexperiment. Small amounts of this cold hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitratesolution (about 1 mL) were then injected into a blood sample alreadyplaced in the NMR spectrometer and maintained at 36° C. The smallamounts of hyperpolarized solution were added to the blood sample at 0,3, 6, 7.25, and 9.17 min from arrival of the solution to the collectiontube. The corresponding solution temperatures upon injection to theblood sample were 16.4, 5.8, 2.9, 2.1, and 1.7° C. The signal ofhyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate was observed in the blood for 2.9, 2.2, 1.0and 0.6 min for the first four injections (marked 1-4 in FIG. 7A). Inthe last injection, the signal was observed only in one spectrum (marked5 in FIG. 7A, signal to noise ratio of 4). This experiment demonstratesthe ability to store the polarization of a single hyperpolarized[¹⁵N]nitrate dose for several injections to blood, which is madepossible by the long T₁ outside the blood.

FIG. 7B shows an online temperature recording of the sample in thespectrometer. As can be seen in this figure, the injection of thehyperpolarized medium first lowers the temperature of the sample by upto 5° C., and then the temperature stabilizes. FIG. 7C shows the signalintensities of the hyperpolarized site in the consecutive injections, *indicates that the intensities are shown normalized to the highestsignal for each injection.

The relative multiplication factors are 6 (decay 2), 39 (decay 3), 76(decay 4) and 297 (decay 5). The T₁s in blood corresponding to thedecays 1 and 2 were found to be 29±2 s and 30±3 s, respectively, theerror represents the 95% confidence interval for the individual fits.

The T₁ of [¹⁵N]Nitrate During the 1st and the 2nd Min of Decay inVarious Solvents and Mixtures

The T₁ of [¹⁵N]nitrate was calculated for the 1st min (0-60 s), i.e.immediately following the injection, and for the 2nd min (65-120 s), invarious experiments. In the blood-saline mixture and in four randomlyselected experiments in D₂O the T during the 2^(d) min was longer thenthe T during the 1 min. This may explain the long duration of visibilityin blood and D₂O. In H₂O and saline the T₁ was the same during the1^(st) and at the 2^(nd) min of decay. However, in the saline and salivasolution the T₁ at the 1 min was longer than the T₁ for the T at 2^(nd)min. Thus, we conclude that the potential duration of hyperpolarized[¹⁵N]nitrate visibility in the body of is not necessarily predictableusing a monoexponential curve of the entire decay in a certain solventor mixture.

TABLE 2 Comparison of the T₁ of [¹⁵N] nitrate in the 1^(st) and 2^(nd)min of hyperpolarization decay. Blood D₂O H₂O Saline Saline + (n = 3) (n= 4*) (n = 2) (n = 1) saliva (n = 1) 1^(st) min 27 ± 0.4  81 ± 20 99 ± 398 116 2^(nd) min 48 ± 1 116 ± 7 99 ± 5 100 102 *Four measurements inD₂O were randomly selected from the 12 measurements presented inFigure 1. The data of n ≥ 1 experiments are presented as average ±standard deviation.

Discussion

As shown here, sodium [¹⁵N]nitrate is a potential contrast agent forbiomedical magnetic resonance applications in a hyperpolarized state. Itis strictly water-soluble due to its ionic nature and its T₁ was foundto be long (>100 s) compared to other water-soluble hyperpolarizedsites.

This long T₁ appeared insensitive to the water protonation status or tosalinity. However, its T₁ did decrease upon mixing with whole blood (T₁of 29±1 s, three measurements in two different blood samples, asdescribed in FIG. 4E and in FIG. 6C—decay 1 and 2).

On closer inspection, the T₁ of [¹⁵N]nitrate in blood appeared to beprolonging with time. To test this possibility, the T₁ was determined intwo sections of the decay data—the 1^(st) and the 2^(nd) min of thedecay (0-60 s and 61-120 s, respectively). Longer T₁ values were foundin the 2^(n)a min in blood (78% increase). The same trend was alsoobserved in D₂O (43% increase) but not in H₂O. This may be used inprolonging the visibility window of the compound in the body.

Another important factor is the stability of this compound in wholeblood and saliva. The inventors could not detect any metabolism ofnitrate to nitrite in the time frames investigated thus far (severalminutes in blood and several hours in saliva). Therefore, these resultssuggest that the conversion to the reduced form is indeed low and thatnitrate remains intact throughout the visualization window. In a muchlonger investigation of the order of several days to a month, it wasable to detect conversion of [¹⁵N]nitrate to [¹⁵N]nitrite in two samplesthat contained human saliva, showing that this conversion does occur, asexpected, but that this conversion is likely far from detrimental to thesafety of nitrate administration.

Converting the intravenous dose previously injected in the art, whichwas found to be safe, to mL per min units we get 12.5 mL/min of a 0.15 Msolution, which can be further converted to 6 mL/10 s of 50 mM solution.This is a routinely tolerable volume/time for human intravenousinjection. A sodium nitrate solution of 50 mM is higher in concentrationthan the solution that was used here for consecutive injections to blood(32.6 mM). Suggesting that indeed such a safe dose of sodium[¹⁵N]nitrate can be observed in vivo.

The non-metabolic nature of [¹⁵N]nitrate is important in two ways: 1) interms of safety, as nitrite is the bioactive product of nitrate, and 2)in terms of MR imaging. As for the latter, the nonmetabolic nature makesthis molecular probe suitable for perfusion or tissue retention imaging.

Although many dDNP agents have been used in MR spectroscopicexaminations—i.e. with the aim of demonstrating the hyperpolarizedsubstrate metabolism—here the inventors target another MR application inwhich such metabolism is not desired. First, because a bioactivity isnot desired, and second because a single signal is easier to imagewithout artifacts compared to simultaneous imaging of several signals,each with different chemical shifts (in the case of nitrate andnitrite—more than 230 ppm apart). Using holding in ice-coldtemperatures, outside the blood, the inventors were able to observe thehyperpolarized signal in blood for up to 9 min, using multipleinjections, without any chemical modifications.

It is interesting to compare the T₁ of the [¹⁵N]nitrate anion with thatof the [¹⁵N]nitrite anion. In the same solvent (D₂O), and in fact in thesame sample, the T₁s of the [¹⁵N]nitrate and the [¹⁵N]nitrite were 100 sand 14 s, respectively. Nitric acid, HNO₃, is a strong acid, in contrastto nitrous acid, HNO₂, which is a weak acid, with a pKa of 3.15. ThispKa difference may explain the T₁ difference: while the nitric acid iscompletely ionized in all solutions, the nitrous acid is in anequilibrium with the ionic form. At natural pH, most of the nitrous acidis dissociated and the anion concentration is about 4 orders ofmagnitude higher than the concentration of the protonated nitrous acid.Therefore, the amount of nitrous acid expected in a sodium nitritesolution is very small. However, the quickly exchanging proton (or adeuteron) on the oxygen close to nitrogen, is likely to shorten the T₁.

It was noted by the inventors that the polarization level achieved herefor [¹⁵N]nitrate, of 1%.

In summary, the inventors showed a novel compound for studies of dDNPhyperpolarization that may become a useful agent for MRI. The likely MRIapplications appear to be imaging of blood flow in blood vessels andhuman tissues either normal or pathological (perfusion) and possibly,due to its ionic nature, also tissue retention—as it may linger in theextracellular space.

The T₁ characteristics were shown to be favorable with regard to solventprotonation and salinity, and the stability in body fluids was observedby NMR, in agreement with a previous safety study for a similar dose.

Example 3: Long-Lived ¹⁵N Hyperpolarization and Rapid Relaxation as aPotential Basis for Repeated First Pass Perfusion Imaging—Marked Effectsof Deuteration and Temperature

Materials and Methods

[¹⁵N₂]urea and [¹⁵N]succinimide and 99.9% D₂O and glycerol werepurchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Rehovot, Israel),L-[guanido-¹⁵N₂]arginine:HCl and [¹⁵N]ammonium chloride were purchasedfrom Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories (Andover, Mass., USA).

The OXO63 radical (GE Healthcare, UK) was obtained from OxfordInstruments Molecular Biotools (Oxford, UK).

In a typical formulation the ¹⁵N labeled substrate was dissolved in a7:3 (w/w) mixture of D₂O:glycerol and OXO63 radical was added to a finalconcentration of 13-16 mM.

Spin polarization and fast dissolution were carried out in a dDNPcommercial device (HyperSense, Oxford Instruments Molecular Biotools,Oxford, UK). The sample was maintained at 1.4-1.5 K and was irradiatedat 94.110 GHz. ¹⁵N NMR spectroscopy was performed in a 5.8 T NMRspectrometer (RS2D, Mundolsheim, France), using a 10-mm broadband NMRprobe. The temperature in the NMR tube was continuously monitored usingan NMR compatible temperature probe (Osensa, Burnaby, BC, Canada).Spectral processing and calculation of integrated intensities wasperformed using MNova (Mestrelab Research, Santiago de Compostela,Spain). Liquid state polarization was determined by comparing theintegrated intensity of the first hyperpolarized spectrum to theintegrated intensity of a standard containing a known concentration of¹⁵N label, where the thermal equilibrium polarization is given asPol_(TE)=tanh(ℏγB/2k_(b)T) Determination of the T₁ of the hyperpolarizedsites was performed by curve fitting of the signal decay to thefollowing equation: S(t)=S₀·e^(−t/T) ¹ ·(cos θ)^(t/TR) in which TR, thetime between excitations, and θ, the nutation angle of excitation, areknown. For measurements of T₁ in whole blood, 5.5 ml of whole blood inheparinized tube was obtained from a healthy volunteer and maintained at20° C. for 2.5 h. Ten minutes before dissolution of the hyperpolarizedurea sample, the blood was loaded into a NMR tube in the spectrometerand maintained at 36° C. The hyperpolarized urea sample was dissolvedinto a container outside the magnet and was injected in 0.5-1.0 mLaliquots followed by ≈2 ml of air through a tube at the bottom of thesample, to ensure no sample remained in the inlet line and completemixing of the freshly injected solution with the blood. The sample wasvisually inspected at the end of the experiment to confirm that thehyperpolarized solution was well mixed with the blood and that there wasno separation of the blood. Curve fitting was performed using Matlab(Mathworks, Natick, Mass., USA). Statistical analysis was performedusing Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Ra'anana, Israel).

Results

A concentrated glassing solution of [¹⁵N₂]urea doped with OXO63 radicalwas polarized by microwave irradiation at 1.4-1.5 K (see ExperimentalSection). Based on measurements of the liquid state polarizationobserved after varying irradiation times in the solid-state, the maximumpolarization of [¹⁵N₂]urea was determined to be 5.1±1.6% with a builduptime of 2.3±1.2 h (R²=0.93).

FIG. 8 shows T₁s, noted on the right of each spectrum, that weredetermined by fitting the hyperpolarized decay curve, correcting for theeffect of repeated excitations; for each species in each solvent twomeasurements were performed. The spectra were normalized by theintegrated intensity of the peak to emphasize the differences in lineshape and chemical shift due to the different magnetic properties of thetwo hydrogen isotopes.

Upon dissolution of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea in H₂O at ≈37° C. the ¹⁵Nsite showed a T₁ of 33±5 s (n=2). When the same sample was dissolved atthe same conditions in D₂O, a T₁ of 200±20 s (n=2) was measured,corresponding to a 6.1-fold prolongation (FIGS. 8A and 8B).

In order to investigate the molecular basis for such marked differencesbetween the effect of deuteration of exchangeable protons on the Tprolongation, the inventors measured for [¹⁵N₂]urea and for[¹⁵N-amido]glutamine [13a], and examined several other molecules thatalso contain ¹⁵N sites bound to labile protons: [¹⁵N]ammonium chloride,[¹⁵N]succinimide, and [guanido-¹⁵N₂]arginine (Scheme 1 above).

By comparison of the ¹⁵N spectra observed for the different moleculesupon dissolution in D₂O (FIGS. 8A, 8C, 8E and 8G) and H₂O (FIGS. 8B, 8D,8F and 8H) it could be seen that upon dissolution in D₂O there is ashift to lower chemical shifts, as well as changes in the ¹⁵N line shapereflecting the different scalar coupling between ¹⁵N and protons anddeuterons. This indicates that exchange of labile protons bound to thehyperpolarized ¹⁵N sites reaches isotopic equilibrium by the end of the˜5 s dissolution and transfer process. Therefore, it can be assumed,that differences in T₁s measured for the different molecules upondissolution in D₂O and H₂O are not determined by the rate of hydrogenexchange.

For hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]ammonium chloride, it was found a T₁ of 46±4 s(n=2) upon dissolution in H₂O and 150±20 s (n=2) upon dissolution in D₂O(FIGS. 8C and 8D), corresponding to a 3.3-fold T₁ prolongation due todeuteration of labile protons. As all protons of both urea and ammoniumexchange with the solvent and the molecules are completely deuteratedupon dissolution in D₂O, the inventors were interested in understandingif such long T₁s could be obtained with molecules containing alsonon-exchanging protons in addition to the labile protons. For thispurpose, the inventors hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]succinimide, as afterdissolution in D₂O only the proton directly bound to the ¹⁵N site willbe exchanged to a deuteron while the four protons located three bondsaway from the ¹⁵N site will not; in this case the T₁ in H₂O was long,45±3 s (n=2), and dissolution in D₂O increased the T₁ to 215±2 s (n=2),corresponding to a 4.8-fold prolongation.

Thus, the presence of non-exchanging protons in the molecule is notsufficient to explain the shorter T₁ of [¹⁵N-amido]glutamine.

It was hypothesized by the inventors that the symmetry and/or rigidityof the [¹⁵N]succinimide—contributes to this longer T₁, despite thepresence of non-exchanging protons. To measure the effect of deuterationin a non-symmetric, non-rigid small molecule, we measured the T ofhyperpolarized [guanido-¹⁵N₂]arginine. In this case, the inventorsobserved a T₁ of 6.6±0.3 s in H₂O (n=2) and 44±1 s in D₂O (n=2),corresponding to a 6.7-fold T₁ prolongation. These values of T₁ aresimilar to what was observed for [¹⁵N-amido]glutamine [13a], a moleculethat is also non-symmetric and non-rigid.

To summarize these measurements, it can be seen that dissolution in D₂Oresults in long T₁s (>2 min) for protonated ¹⁵N sites in symmetricmolecules where all protons in the molecule exchange with the solvent,i.e. [¹⁵N₂]urea and [¹⁵N]ammonium chloride. Of the three remainingmolecules that contain non-exchanging protons as well as exchangingprotons only [¹⁵N]succinimide had a similarly long T₁ upon dissolutionin D₂O. This may be attributable to the more symmetric structure ofsuccinimide as compared to the more flexible structures of[¹⁵N-amido]glutamine and [guanido-¹⁵N₂]arginine, resulting in lessrelaxation due to ¹⁵N Chemical Shift Anisotropy (CSA) and possibly alsoless interaction with the non-exchanging protons due to the rigidity ofthe succinimide structure. Furthermore, the relative increase in T₁ upondeuteration of exchangeable protons varied from ≈3-7 fold. Nocorrelation was found between the number of bound protons exchanged andthe relative T₁ prolongation factor (R=−0.47).

However, the inventors observed that the two largest T₁ prolongationfactors were observed for [¹⁵N₂]urea and [guanido-¹⁵N₂]arginine; forboth of these molecules upon dissolution in D₂O not only do the protonsdirectly bound to a single ¹⁵N site exchange with deuterons but alsonearby protons exchange; for [¹⁵N₂]urea this means the protons bonded tothe other ¹⁵N site (Scheme 1). This may explain the larger relativeincrease in T₁ in these molecules.

In order to utilize [¹⁵N₂]urea as a hyperpolarized perfusion marker itis important to characterize its T₁ in whole blood. When a small amountof hyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea dissolved in D₂O was added to whole humanblood, the inventors observed a decrease in the T of the ¹⁵N site to9.8±0.2 s (95% CI, FIG. 9A). By comparison to the decay ofhyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea in H₂O (FIG. 9A), it can be seen that theshortening of T₁ in the blood is not only due to protonation of the ¹⁵Nsite, but may also be attributed to interactions between urea andcomponents in the blood. Despite this short lifetime of thehyperpolarized state in the blood, a single hyperpolarized dose of[¹⁵N₂]urea can be observed in the blood for more than six minutes, whenthe hyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea is stored in a deuterated solution and isadded in small aliquots FIG. 9B). Furthermore, it can be seen that dueto the marked difference between the T₁ of [¹⁵N₂]urea in the deuteratedsolution and whole blood, negligible background signal from previousinjections is observed for injections separated by less than one minute(FIG. 9B). This result may serve as a basis for utilizing hyperpolarized[¹⁵N₂]urea as a perfusion contrast agent as it can be injected multipletimes with the background signal remaining very low for each consecutiveinjection.

Although the T₁ of [¹⁵N₂]urea in whole blood is short, it can beobserved for more than 6 minutes when it is stored in D₂O and repeatedlyadded in small volumes. The T₁ of [¹⁵N₂]urea in whole blood wasdetermined to be 9.8±0.2 s based on the first decay curve, where theratio of D₂O:whole blood was 1:10. In subsequent measurements, themeasured T₁ increases (2^(nd): T₁=12.0±0.2 s, 3^(rd): T₁=12.9±0.6 setc.), an effect that can be attributed to the increasing fraction ofD₂O and/or dilution of the blood.

The experiment shown in FIG. 9B clarified the importance of maximizingthe T₁ of [¹⁵N₂]urea for optimal storage of the polarization, in orderto expand the time scale in which the hyperpolarized signal from asingle dose can be observed in vivo. As for storage there are nolimitation to physiological temperatures, the effect of temperature onthe T₁ of [¹⁵N₂]urea was measured. Given the impressive signal affordedby the dDNP process and its long lifetime, it was possible to measurethe T₁ of the ¹⁵N sites of urea for a range of temperatures with asingle sample that was slowly heated or cooled while the temperature wascontinuously monitored with an NMR compatible temperature probe (FIG.10A, top). In order to determine the temperature dependent T₁, the decaydata were retrospectively binned to consecutive 10° C. segments (FIG.10A, alternating shading indicates different 10° C. segments) and the Tfor each temperature segment was determined (FIG. 10B, inset).

The hyperpolarized decay acquisitions were carried out with 3-10°excitation angle and 5-20 s repetition time. There was no significantdifference in the T determined with different acquisition parameters.

In total, 24 segments were fit from ten different samples and theresults are presented in FIG. 10B. It can be observed that at highertemperatures the T₁ of the ¹⁵N sites of [¹⁵N₂]urea was longer, reachingmore than 6 min at 65-75° C. (FIG. 10B). Due to technical limitations itwas not possible to reach higher sample temperatures, however it seemslikely that further increasing the temperature will further increase theT₁.

Here, it was demonstrated that for the protonated primary and secondaryamines [¹⁵N]ammonium, [¹⁵N₂]urea, and [¹⁵N]succinimide, long T₁s can beobserved by deuteration of the exchangeable protons. Specifically, itwas demonstrated that upon dissolution of [¹⁵N₂]urea hyperpolarized bydDNP in deuterated water at physiological temperatures a T₁ in excess of3 min is observed and by heating the hyperpolarized solution totemperatures above 65° C. the T₁ can be further prolonged to more than 6min. This long T₁ will potentially ensure that the high level of solidstate polarization will be well preserved during the 1 min required fortransfer and administration of the hyperpolarized dose in the clinicalsetting; there will only be a ≈25% decrease in the [¹⁵N₂]ureapolarization if the entire process occurs at physiological temperatures,and a much smaller decrease if some of the steps could be performed athigher temperatures, with the sample cooled to 37° C. only immediatelyprior to injection. By contrast, the same interval will result in ≈80%reduction of the polarization if the carbon-13 labeled urea is used(T₁≈40 s in solution).

The in vivo T₁ of [¹⁵N₂]urea will be significantly shortened due toprotonation of the ¹⁵N sites by chemical exchange with H₂O in vivo anddue to relaxation of the ¹⁵N magnetization by interactions withcomponents in the blood; indeed, a T₁ of 10 s was found here forhyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea in whole blood at 37° C. The protonation ofdeuterated [¹⁵N₂]urea in vivo can also be advantageous if it can beexploited to efficiently transfer polarization from the hyperpolarized¹⁵N sites to the directly bound protons, corresponding to a ≈100-foldmore sensitive detection than direct ¹⁵N detection. The efficiency ofthis polarization transfer will be determined by the lifetime of theurea proton in vivo.

In this work the inventors have focused on hyperpolarization of ¹⁵N bydDNP. Despite the advantages of ¹⁵N hyperpolarization by SABRE, unlikedDNP, such high levels of polarization have not been achieved in thebiocompatible solvents safe for in vivo imaging applications

TABLE 3 T₁ of [¹⁵N₂]urea as determined when measured with various flipangles (θ) and repetition times (TR). Average ± #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8#9 #10 SD θ (⁰) 10°  3° 10° 10° 10° 10° 10° 10°  5° 10° TR (s)  5  10 10  10  10  10  15  15  20  10  15-25° C. 155 ± 112 ± 163 ± 146 ± 23 3 620 (n = 3) 25-35° C. 196 ± 209 ± 216 ± 143 ± 191 ± 33 8 2 2 1 (n = 4)35-45° C. 228 ± 266 ± 272 ± 216 ± 198 ± 176 ± 226 ± 38 4 4 3 5 2 5 (n =6) 45-55° C. 355 ± 340 ± 273 ± 284 ± 308 ± 34 8 5 4 6 (n = 4) 55-65° C.382 ± 386 ± 305 ± 332 ± 351 ± 40 17 12 14 11 (n = 4) 65-75° C. 416 ± 327± 404 ± 382 ± 48 23 16 41 (n = 3)

Individual measurements are shown. Each column represents a singlehyperpolarized decay, obtained with the same flip angle and repetitiontime. Using an online measurement of the temperature inside the NMRtube, we could differentiate different temperature regimes within asingle decay and thus assess the effect of temperature on T₁. T₁ valueswere determined by fitting the equation describing the mono-exponentialdecay of a hyperpolarized signal: S(t)=S0·e−t/T1·(cos θ)t/TR.

The angle of excitation was determined by calibration of the 90oexcitation on a ¹⁵N labeled standard. The error for each individualmeasurement represents the 95% confidence interval of the curve fit.

The temperature gradient was formed by adding a solution at atemperature different than the spectrometer temperature so thatthroughout the acquisition the sample slowly cooled/warmed to thespectrometer temperature. It appears that the stronger excitationschemes (shaded in dark grey) did not result in different values of T₁compared to the more weak excitation schemes (shaded in light grey).Variability in the determined T₁ values may be due to slight variationsin the effective angle of excitation and/or the amount of trace protonspresent in different samples; indeed when different temperature segmentsare compared within the same hyperpolarized decay, (i.e. for the samesample on the same day), the dependence of T₁ on the temperature can beeven more clearly seen. The average and standard deviation of allmeasurements in the same temperature regime are shown in the column onthe right.

Conclusions

It was suggested by the inventors that hyperpolarized [¹⁵N₂]urea is apromising marker for first-pass perfusion imaging, for which therelevant time scales in vivo are shorter and the marked differencebetween the T₁ in the deuterated dissolution media and in vivo isadvantageous, as it is possible to capitalize on it to perform repeatedfirst-pass perfusion measurements from a single hyperpolarized solutionwith negligible background signal from previous injections; such anability is desirable either for improving the accuracy of the first-passperfusion measurement and/or for investigation of changes in perfusionin response to fast-acting pharmaceutical challenges.

Example 4: Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Using N15-Labeled Nitrate

50 mM solution of hyperpolarized [¹⁵N]nitrate is injected to a breasttumor bearing mouse. ¹⁵N MR imaging is performed following theadministration of the solution to the mouse. The mouse vascular systemis enhanced in the MR image. The tumor tissue is enhanced in the MRimage due to the enhanced-permeability-and-retention effect in the tumortissue.

1-51. (canceled)
 52. A method of diagnosis a condition or disease in a subject, the method comprising administrating to the subject a diagnostically effective amount of at least one hyperpolarized labeled compound comprising at least one isotopically labeled nitrogen atom and monitoring a signal from the hyperpolarized compound in the subject, to thereby diagnose the condition or disease in the subject, optionally the signal is monitored by magnetic resonance techniques.
 53. The method according to claim 52, wherein the monitoring is by acquiring at least one ¹H and/or at least one ²H and/or at least one ¹⁵N magnetic resonance (MR) spectrum and/or image from the subject's body or any one or more regions thereof.
 54. The method according to claim 52, comprising prior to the administration step, acquiring at least one ¹H, ²H or ¹⁵N MR spectrum and/or image from the subject's body or any one or more regions thereof.
 55. The method according to claim 54, comprising comparing at least one parameter obtained from the at least one ¹H, ²H or ¹⁵N MR spectrum and/or image to at least one parameter obtained from the at least one H, ²H or ¹⁵N MR spectrum and/or image in the same subject at an earlier point in time, wherein the comparison permits diagnosis of the disease.
 56. The method according to claim 52, comprising prior to the administration step, a step of hyperpolarization to obtain a hyperpolarized compound in solid-state form.
 57. The method according to claim 56, comprising dissolving the hyperpolarized compound in the solid-state in an aqueous solution to obtain the hyperpolarized compound, optionally the aqueous solution comprising D₂O.
 58. The method according to claim 57, wherein the hyperpolarized compound is administrated to the subject at a time period of between 10 seconds to 240 seconds after dissolving the compound in the aqueous solution.
 59. The method according to claim 52, wherein the hyperpolarized labeled compound is characterized by least 5% to 50% increased polarization compared to the same compound in a non-hyperpolarized state.
 60. The method according to claim 52, wherein the hyperpolarized labeled compound is at least one of nitrate, nitrite, urea, ammonium, guanidinium, succinimide or glycerophosphocholine (GPC), optionally at least one of urea or nitrate.
 61. The method according to claim 52 wherein the hyperpolarized labeled compound is Na[¹⁵N]nitrate and optionally comprises at least one isotopically labeled hydrogen atom.
 62. The method according to claim 52, wherein the hyperpolarized labeled compound is [¹⁵N]urea, [¹⁵N₂]urea, [¹⁵ND]urea, [¹⁵ND₂] urea, [¹⁵ND₃] urea, [¹⁵ND₄] urea, [¹⁵N₂D] urea, [¹⁵N₂D₂] urea, [¹⁵N₂D₃] urea, [¹⁵N₂D₄] urea or any combination thereof.
 63. The method according to claim 52, wherein the hyperpolarized labeled compound has a T₁ relaxation of a ¹⁵N nucleus of between about 30 seconds to about 10 minutes.
 64. The method according to claim 52, wherein the condition or disease is selected from oncology, neurology, psychiatry, cardiology, vascular, infection and inflammation.
 65. The method according to claim 52, wherein the condition is a proliferative disorder.
 66. A compound being [¹⁵N]glycerophosphocholine, optionally comprising at least one labeled hydrogen atom.
 67. The compound according to claim 66, being [¹⁵N,D₉]glycerophosphocholine.
 68. The compound according to claim 66, being in a hyperpolarized state.
 69. A compound comprising at least one isotopically labeled nitrogen atom, wherein the compound is in a hyperpolarized state and wherein the compound is at least one of an amine, an amide, an imide, a nitrogen-containing ion or an amino acid, optionally the compound is nitrate or urea.
 70. The compound according to claim 69, being [¹⁵N]nitrate, [¹⁵N]urea, [⁵N₂]urea, [⁵ND]urea, [⁵ND₂]urea, [⁵ND₃]urea, [⁵ND₄]urea, [¹⁵N₂D]urea, [¹⁵N₂D₂]urea, [⁵N₂D₃]urea, [¹⁵N₂D₄]urea or any combination thereof.
 71. The compound according to claim 69, wherein the compound is characterized by least 5% to 50% increased polarization compared to the same compound in a non-hyperpolarized state. 